@ Copyright Hewlett-Packard Company 1992, 1995

All Rights Reserved. Reproduction, adaptation, or translation without prior written permission is prohibited, except as allowed under the copyright laws.

1400 Fountaingrove Parkway, Santa Rosa, CA 95403-1799, USA

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Declaration of

Conformity

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DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY

accor&g to ISOIIEC Quide 22 and EN 45014

conforms to the following Product specifications:

Safety: IEC 348:1978/HD 401 Sl:l981

CANZSA-C22.2 No. 231 (Series M-89)

EMC: ClSPR 11:199O/EN 55011:1991 Group 1, Class A /EC 801-2:1984/EN 50082-1:1992 4 kV CD, 8 kVAD /EC 801-3:1984/EN 50082-1:1992 3 V/m, 27-500 MHz

/EC 80 f-4: 1988/EN 50082- 1: 1992 0.5 kV Sig. Lines, 1 kV Power Lines

Supplementary Information:

The product herewith complies with the requirements of the Low Voltage Directive 73/23/EEC and the EMC Directive 89/336/EEC.

Santa Rosa, California, USA 2 Oct. 1995

European Contact: Your local Hewlett-Packard &/es and Service Office or Hewlett-Packard QmbH, Department HQ-TRE, Herrenberger Sttasse 130, D-71034 Biiblingen Germany(FAX+4&7031-163143)

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Hewlett-Packard Sales and Service Offices

US FIELD OPERATIONS

:886 2) 712-0404

...

XIII

Contents

H.

L.

Index

Figures

Tables

1

GETTING STARTED

Getting Started Introduction l-1

I ??? 1

l-2 Getting Started Introduction

P A C K A R D lMENU SELEU

PRESET

Figure l-l. The HP 83620A Synthesized Sweeper

(PRESET) initializes the front panel settings and runs the synthesizer through a brief self-test. In the following examples, unless stated otherwise, begin by pressing (PRESET).

Getting Started Basic l-3

Display Area

IA C T I V E E N T R Y A N D

DATA DISPLAY AREA

- M E S S A G E L I N E

I SOFTKEY L A B E L A R E A

\

SOFTKEYS

Figure l-2. Display

Active Entry and Data Display Area: This area typically displays the frequency and power information of the current instrument state. When data entry is expected, the synthesizer uses all or part of this area to record the entries. The active entry arrow (-->) indicates the active entry function and its current value.

Message Line: This line is used to display:

ALC level status.

Unlock information.

Timebase status.

RF output status.

Softkey Label Area: This area displays the name of the softkey directly below it.

Softkeys: These keys activate the functions indicated by the labels directly above them.

l-4 Getting Started Basic

Getting Started Basic l-5

1-6 Getting Started Basic

K.ARO

-

Getting Started Basic 1-7

1-6 Getting Started Basic

Getting Started Basic l-9

If the selected power level is beyond the range of the synthesizer, the closest possible power is shown in both the data display area and the active entry area. If the selected power level exceeds the maximum leveled power the synthesizer is able to produce, the unleveled message UNLVLED appears on the message line. Experiment with the rotary knob and the arrow keys as alternate methods of data entry.

Sweep Time Operation In typical applications the sweep time can vary tremendously, from milliseconds in a network analyzer system, to more than a minute in

thermistor-based power meter systems. For this example, refer to the ???MENU MAP??? section.

Press @%Ki) @ [GHz).

Press ISTOP) @ (GHz).

Press lsWEEP @ 0 (ZJ (,,,).

Watch the green SWEEP LED, it blinks every 2.5 seconds. The LED blinks at each retrace.

For the fastest sweep speed for which all specifications are guaranteed, the synthesizer must be in automatic sweep time selection.

Refer to menu map 8.

Press SWEEP [MENU).

Select more if3 .

Select SwpTime Aut0 .

Notice that the active entry area indicates:

When the synthesizer is in automatic sweep time selection, the active entry area displays AUTO along with the current sweep time. Faster sweep speeds than this are possible, turn the rotary knob counter-clockwise until the display no longer changes. Notice that AUTO is no longer displayed

l-10 Getting Started Basic

. .,WLETT L???pI PACKARO

/

Getting Started Basic l-l 1

1-12 Getting Started Basic

SWEEP

LED

Getting Started Basic 1-13

1-14 Getting Started Basic

Marker 1 was chosen because it is selected as the delta marker reference. To change reference markers, select Delta Mkr Ref .

Select M2 as the reference. Watch the display change to indicate:

--> D E L T A M K R ( 3 - 2 ) : 1 2 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 M H z

You can choose any of the five markers as a reference, but when delta marker is on, if the reference marker has a frequency value higher than the last active marker, the difference between the frequencies

is negative and is displayed as such by the synthesizer. The CRT display continues to intensify the difference between the two markers.

When delta marker is showing in the active entry area, the ENTRY area is active. Rotate the rotary knob and watch the frequency difference change. The last active marker (in this case, marker 3) changes frequency value, not the reference marker.

OSCILLOSCoPE

Getting Started Basic 1-15

1-16 Getting Started Basic

RECALL

Figure 1-9. Saving and Recalling an Instrument State

Getting Started Basic l-17

1-18 Getting Started Basic

Select Power Sweep (asterisk on).

Press (SINGLE].

The synthesizer performs a power sweep beginning at -20 dBm and ending at f5 dBm. The power meter indicates +25 dB.

Power Slope Operation This function allows for compensation of high frequency system or cable losses by linearly increasing the power output as the frequency

increases. For this example refer to the ???Menu Map??? section.

Press Power Slope , the active entry area displays:

--> RF SLOPE: X. XX dB/GHz, where X is a numeric value.

Power slope is now active, notice that an asterisk is next to the key label.

Use the entry keys, rotary knob, or arrow keys to enter a value for the linear slope.

Press Power Slope again to turn this feature off.

Getting Started Basic l-19

???UT

Figure l-10. Power Sweep and Power Slope Operation

l-20 Getting Started Basic

Advanced

Getting Started Advanced 1-21

Advanced

Table l-l.

Keys Under Discussion in This Section (continued)

For more information,each of these keys has a separate entry in the

???OPERATING and PROGRAMMING REFERENCE??? chapter of this handbook.

1-22 Getting Started Advanced

Getting Started Advanced 1-23

To level externally:

1.Setup the equipment as shown. For this example, the detector/coupler setup is used.

2.Refer to menu map 1.

3.Press (ALC).

4.Select Leveling Point ExtDet .

5.Set the coupling factor. Select Coupling Factor c-) @ @ (dB(m)).

l-24 Getting Started Advanced

DETECTOR INPUT POWER, dBm

Figure 1-12. Typical Diode Detector Response at 25??C

Getting Started Advanced l-25

External Leveling Used With the Optional Step Attenuator

Some external leveling applications require low output power

from the synthesizer. The synthesizer automatically uncouples the attenuator from the ALC system for all external leveling points.

Press ( P O W E R L E V E L ) . Note the display. It shows:

--> ATTEN 0 dB, POWER LEVEL: 0.00 dBm

For example, leveling the output of a 30 dB gain amplifier to a level of -10 dBm requires the output of the synthesizer to be around

-40 dBm when leveled. At some frequencies this level is beyond the range of the ALC modulator alone. If so, the LOW UNLVLED warning message is displayed. Inserting 40 dB of attenuation results in an ALC level of 0 dBm, which is well within the range of the ALC. At 20 GHz,30 dB attenuation is a better choice as it results in an ALC level of -10 dBm. This gives a margin for AM or other functions that vary the power level.

For optimum display accuracy and minimum noise, the ALC level should be greater than -10 dBm. This is achieved by using attenuation equal to the tens digit of output power. Example: desired output power = -43 dBm; use:

--> ATTEN: 40 dB , ALC -3 dBm

1.Press POWER (MENU).

2.Select Set Atten @ @ 0).

Hint To obtain flatness corrected power refer to ???Optimizing Synthesizer Performance, Creating and Applying the User Flatness Correction Array,??? later in this section.

l-26 Getting Started Advanced

Figure 1-13. Leveling with a Power Meter

1.Set up the equipment as shown. Be sure to set the power meter to manual range mode and note the range.

2.Refer to menu map 1.

3.Press a).

4.Select Leveling Point PwrHts .

5.Select Pwr Mtr Range. Enter the range value set for the power meter as noted in step 1.

6.Select Coupling Factor , press @???J (de(m)).

Unlike detector leveling, power meter leveling provides calibrated power out of the leveled RF port.

Getting Started Advanced l-27

1-28 Getting Started Advanced

RF OUT

RF OUT I???ll-LINE SOURCE

NODULE

Figure 1-15. MM-wave Source Module Leveling Using a Microwave Amplifier

1.Set up the equipment as shown.

2.Refer to menu map 1.

3.Select Leveling Point Module.

4.Select Mdl Lev Menu.

5.Select Module Leveling Pt Auto or Front or Rear, depending on where the interface connection is made.

All of the ALC data necessary to communicate properly with the synthesizer is exchanged via the SOURCE MODULE INTERFACE.

Getting Started Advanced 1-29

I-30 Getting Started Advanced

Figure l-16. Reverse Power Effects, Coupled Operation with -6dBm Output

Figure 1-17. Reverse Power Effects, Uncoupled Operation with -6dBm Output

Getting Started Advanced l-31

1-32 Getting Started Advanced

Getting Started Advanced 1-33

Creating a User Flatness Array Automatically, Example 1

In this example, a flatness array containing correction frequencies from 4 to 10 GHz at 1 GHz intervals is created. An HP 438B power meter controlled by the synthesizer through the interface bus is used to enter the correction data into the flatness array.

For this example, refer to menu map 5, POWER.

1. The equipment setup shown in Figure 1-18 assumes that if the setup has an external leveling configuration, the steps necessary to correctly level have been followed. If you have questions about external leveling refer to earlier paragraphs titled, ???Externally Leveling the Synthesizer.???

Setup Power Meter

2.Zero and calibrate the power meter/sensor.

3.Enter the appropriate power sensor calibration factors into the power meter.

4.Enable the power meter/sensor cal factor array. For operating information on the HP 437B power refer to its operating and service manual.

5.Connect the power sensor to the point where corrected power is desired.

------B-B- - - - - -

Figure 1-16. Creating a User Flatness Array Automatically

1-34 Getting Started Advanced

Setup Synthesizer Parameters

6.On the synthesizer, press (PRESET).

7.FREQUENCY ISTART) @ LGHz), LSTOP) 0 @ LGHz).

8.(POWER LEVEL) (TJ m.

Access User Flatness Correction Menu

9.Press POWER [MENU). Select Fitness Menu.

10.Select Delete Menu Delete All . This step insures that the flatness array is empty.

11.Press (6%). Leave the delete menu and return to the previous soft key menu.

12Enter the frequency points at which the correction information will be taken. Choose either the point-by-point entry method Enter Freq or the automatic frequency point generation

Auto Fill Start. For this example,select Auto Fill Start

@IGHz).

13Select Auto Fill Stop a@=, Auto Fill Incr a[GHz).

Notice that a frequency list starting at 4 and ending at 10 GHz with an increment value of 1 GHz is created.

Enter Correction Data into Array

14.Select Mtr Meas Menu Measure Cars All. The power meter is now under synthesizer control and is performing the sequence of steps necessary to generate the correction information at each frequency point.

If an HP-IB error message is displayed verify that the interface connections are correct. Check the HP-IB address of the power meter and ensure that it is the same address the synthesizer is using (address 13 is assumed). Refer to the menu map 8, System, for the key sequence necessary to reach softkey Meter Adrs .

Enable User Flatness Correction

15.When the operation is complete, (a message is displayed) the flatness correction array is ready to be applied to your setup. Disconnect the power meter/sensor and press [FLTNESS ON/OFF) (amber LED on). The power produced at the point where the power meter/sensor was disconnected is now calibrated at the frequencies and power level specified above.

Getting Started Advanced l-35

Creating a User Flatness Array, Example 2

This example shows how to use the synthesizer and a power meter in manual entry mode. This example also introduces two features of the synthesizer. The softkey Freq Follow simplifies the data entry

process and the softkey List Mode sets up a list of arbitrary test frequencies.

The frequency follow feature automatically sets the source to a CW test frequency equivalent to the active correction frequency in the user flatness correction table. The front panel arrow keys are used to move around the correction table and enter frequency-correction pairs. Simultaneously, the synthesizer test frequency is updated to the selected correction frequency without exiting the correction table.

To further simplify the data entry process, the synthesizer allows you to enter correction data into the user flatness correction table by adjusting the front panel knob until the desired power level is displayed on the power meter. The user flatness correction algorithm automatically calculates the appropriate correction and enters it into the table. If you already have a table of correction data prepared, it can be entered directly into the correction table using the front-panel keypad of the synthesizer.

With the list mode feature, you may enter the test frequencies into a table in any order and specify an offset (power) and/or a dwell time for each frequency. When list mode is enabled, the synthesizer steps through the list of frequencies in the order entered.

The user flatness correction feature has the capability of copying and entering the frequency list into the correction table. Since the offset in the list mode table is not active during the user flatness correction data entry process, the value of the correction data is determined as if no offset is entered. When user flatness correction and list mode (with offsets) are enabled, the synthesizer adjusts the output power by an amount equivalent to the sum of the correction data and offset for each test frequency. You must make sure that the resulting power level is still within the ALC range of the synthesizer.

1-36 Getting Started Advanced

Figure 1-19. Creating a User Flatness Array

For this example, refer to menu map 5, POWER.

1.The equipment setup shown in Figure 1-19 assumes that if your setup has an external leveling configuration, the steps necessary to correctly level have been followed. If you have questions about external leveling refer to earlier paragraphs titled, ???Externally Leveling the Synthesizer .???

Setup Power Meter

2.Zero and calibrate the power meter/sensor.

3.Connect the power sensor to the point where flatness corrected power is desired.

Setup Synthesizer Parameters

4. On the synthesizer, press (PRESET).

5.( P O W E R L E V E L ) @ 0). This sets the test port power to +5

dBm (PO max - Ppath loss).

Getting Started Advanced 1-37

Access User Flatness Correction Menu

9.Press POWER (z). Select Fitness Menu.

10.Select Delete Menu Delete All. This step insures that the flatness array is empty.

11.Press (=I. Leave the delete menu and return to the previous soft key menu.

12.Select Copy List This step copies the frequency list into the correction table in sequential order.

13.Select Freq Follow. This sets the synthesizer to CW frequency mode to facilitate taking correction information. As you scroll through the correction cells, the synthesizer produces the corresponding CW frequency at 0 dBm.

14.Select Enter Corr . This allows correction value entry.

15.Press (FLTNESS ON/OFF). This step enables user flatness correction.

16.For 5 GHz, set the appropriate power sensor cal factor on the power meter.

17.Use the synthesizer rotary knob to adjust for a measurement of

0.00dBm on the power meter. Notice that a correction value is entered at 5 GHz.

18.Use the up arrow key to increment to the next correction cell.

19.For 11 GHz, set the appropriate power sensor cal factor on the power meter.

20.Use the synthesizer rotary knob to adjust for a measurement of

0.00dBm on the power meter.

21.Repeat this sequence of steps until all the frequency points have a correction value entered.

Activate List Mode

22.Press SWEEP (MENU]. Select Sweep Mode List .

23.The flatness correction array is ready to be applied to your setup. Disconnect the power meter/sensor. The power produced at the point where the power meter/sensor was disconnected is now calibrated at the frequencies and power level specified above.

l-38 Getting Started Advanced

Getting Started Advanced 1-39

HICROURVE RNPLIFIER

Figure l-20.

Creating Arbitrarily Spaced Frequency-Correction Pairs in a Swept mm-wave Environment

For this example, refer to menu map 5, POWER.

1.The equipment setup shown in Figure l-20 assumes that you have followed the steps necessary to correctly level the configuration. If you have questions about external leveling refer to earlier paragraphs titled, ???Externally Leveling the Synthesizer.???

Setup Power Meter

2.Zero and calibrate the power meter/sensor.

3.Connect the power sensor to test port.

4.Enter and store in the power meter, the power sensor???s cal factors for correction frequencies to be used.

l-40 Getting Started Advanced

using (address 13 is assumed). Refer to the menu map 8, System, for the key sequence necessary to reach softkey Meter Adrs .

Enable User Flatness Correction

13.When the operation is complete, (a message is displayed) the flatness correction array is ready to be applied to your setup.

14.To save the synthesizer parameters including the correction table in an internal register, press ISAVE) 0.

(n = number 1 through 8).

15.Disconnect the power meter/sensor and press (FLTNESS ON/OFF) [amber LED on). The power produced at the point where the power meter/sensor was disconnected is now calibrated at the frequencies and power level specified above.

l-42 Getting Started Advanced

Scalar Analysis Measurement with User Flatness Corrections,

Example 4

The following example demonstrates how to setup a scalar analysis measurement (using an HP 8757 Scalar Network Analyzer) of a 2 to 20 GHz test device such as, an amplifier. User flatness correction

is used to compensate for power variations at the test port of a directional bridge. Follow the instructions to set up the synthesizer, then configure the system as shown in Figure 1-21.

DETECTOR

OIRECTIONRL

DETECTOR I

Figure l-2 1. Scalar System Configuration

Example Overview

In this example you use an HP 437B power meter to automatically enter correction data into the array. It is necessary to turn off

the HP 8757 System Interface (controlled from the front-panel of the analyzer) so that the synthesizer can temporarily control the power meter over HP-IB . When the correction data entry process is complete, enable user flatness correction and set the desired test port power level. Then store the correction table and synthesizer configuration in the same register that contains the analyzer configuration. Re-activate the HP 8757 System Interface and recall

Getting Started Advanced 1-43

the stored register. Make sure that user flatness correction is still enabled before making the measurement.

When an HP 437B power meter is used to automatically enter the correction data, the correction calibration routine automatically turns off any active modulation, then re-activates the modulation upon

the completion of the data entry process. Therefore, the scalar pulse modulation that is automatically enabled in a scalar measurement system is disabled during an HP 437B correction calibration.

For this example, refer to menu map 5, POWER.

1.The equipment setup shown in Figure 1-21 assumes that you have followed the steps necessary to correctly level the configuration. If you have questions about external leveling refer to earlier paragraphs titled, ???Externally Leveling the Synthesizer .???

2.On the analyzer, press [PRESET). Reset the analyzer and synthesizer to a known state.

Setup System Parameters

3.On the synthesizer, press FREQUENCY (START) @ (GHz, (STOP)@@m.S et the s nythesizer for a frequency sweep of 2 to 20 GHz.

4.Press [POWER LEVEL) 0 @. Where n = maximum available power.

5.On the analyzer, set up the appropriate measurement

(i.e. gain for an amplifier). Calibrate the measurement (thru and short/open calibration). Press ISAVE) (iJ to store the analyzer???s configuration and synthesizer parameters in storage register 1.

6.Turn off the HP 8757 System Interface. Use the analyzer

SYSINTF ON OFF softkey found under the SYSTEM menu to deactivate the system interface.

Access User Flatness Correction Menu

7.On the synthesizer, press POWER Cm). Select Fltnesa M e n u .

8.Select Delete Menu Delete All . This step insures that the flatness array is empty.

1-44 Getting Started Advanced

9.Press (PRIOR). Leave the delete menu and return to the previous soft key menu.

10. Select Auto Fill Start @ m). Set the first frequency in correction table to 2 GHz.

11.Auto Fill Stop @ @J (GHz). Set the last frequency in correction table to 20 GHz.

12.Auto Fill Incr 0 @ @ INIHz). Set the frequency increment to every 100 MHz from 2 to 20 GHz.

Setup Power Meter

13.Zero and calibrate the power meter/sensor.

14.Connect the power sensor to test port.

15.Enter and store in the power meter, the power sensor???s cal factors for correction frequencies to be used.

Enter Correction Data into Array

16.Select Mtr Meas Menu Measure Corr All . The power meter

is now under synthesizer control and is performing the sequence of steps necessary to generate the correction information at each frequency point.

If an HP-IB error message is displayed verify that the interface connections are correct. Check the HP-IB address of the power meter and ensure that it is the same address the synthesizer is using (address 13 is assumed). Refer to the menu map 8, System, for the key sequence necessary to reach softkey Meter Adrs .

Enable User Flatness Correction

17.When the operation is complete, (a message is displayed) the flatness correction array is ready to be applied to your setup.

18.Disconnect the power meter/sensor.

19.On the synthesizer, press [POWER LEVEL) 0 (dBm). Where

n = PO max - Ppath l o s s for maximum leveled power at the test port.

20.To save the synthesizer parameters including the correction table in an internal register, press ISAVE) (XJ.

(n = number 1 through 8).

Reactivate the HP 8757 System Interface

21.Set the analyzer to SYSINTF ON, the analyzer and synthesizer preset.

22.Press (RECALL) 0, Recall the synthesizer parameters from storage register 1

Getting Started Advanced l-45

23.On the synthesizer, press [FLTNESS ON/OFF) (amber LED on). The power produced at the point where the power meter/sensor was disconnected is now calibrated at the frequencies and power level specified above.

1-46 Getting Started Advanced

HP $378

POUER NETER

Figure l-22. Automatically Characterizing and Compensating for a Detector

1.Connect the power meter as shown.

2.Zero and calibrate the power meter/sensor.

3.Enter the appropriate power sensor calibration factors into the power meter.

4.Enable the power meter/sensor cal factor array. For operating information on the

HP 437B power meter refer to its operating and service manual.

5.Connect the power sensor to the output of the coupler (or splitter).

6.On the synthesizer, set the power level and start/stop frequency information as desired.

7.Press [USERCAL).

8.Select Ext Det Gal . The power meter is now under synthesizer control and is performing the sequence of steps necessary to generate the compensation information.

Getting Started Advanced 1-47

If an HP-IB error message is displayed verify that the interface connections are correct. Check the HP-IB address of the power meter and ensure that it is the same address the synthesizer is using (address 13 is assumed). Refer to the menu map 8, System, for the key sequence necessary to reach softkey Meter A&s .

9.When the operation is complete, (a message is displayed) disconnect the power meter/sensor. The synthesizer has stored the compensation information in its memory and is using it to calibrate the detector???s output voltage relative to power.

1-48 Getting Started Advanced

This causes an instantaneous execution of the peaking function. This is a one-time implementation of the peaking, where the function is turned on and then turned off.

To peak at the present CW frequency, and continue to peak at new frequencies as they are entered:

Press ( U S E R ) .

Select Tracking Menu Peak RF Always.

If ???peak always??? is on (denoted by an asterisk next to the key label) for an extended period of time, the peaking function will automatically repeak every seven minutes.

Getting Started Advanced 1-49

l-50 Getting Started Advanced

Getting Started Advanced l-5 1

1-52 Getting Started Advanced

Getting Started Advanced l-53

1-54 Getting Started Advanced

Getting Started Programming l-55

Instrument Addresses Each instrument in an HP-IB network must have a unique address, ranging in value from 00-30 (decimal). The default address for the synthesizer is 19, but this can be changed using the My adrrs softkey or rear panel switch as described in the reference chapter (Chapter 2) under the ???8360 Adrs??? entry (the examples in this section use 19 as the address for the synthesizer). Other instruments use a variety of procedures for setting the address, as described in their operating manuals, but typically either a rear panel switch or a front panel code is used.

1-56 Getting Started Programming

Getting Started Programming 1-57

Remote

Remote causes an instrument to change from local control to remote control. In remote control, the front panel keys are disabled (except for the (LOCAL] key and the POWER switch), and the amber REMOTE annunciator is lighted. The syntax is:

where the device selector is the address of the instrument appended to the HP-IB port number. Typically, the HP-IB port number is

7, and the default address for the synthesizer is 19, so the device selector is 719. Some BASIC examples:

10 REMOTE 7

which prepares all HP-IB instruments for remote operation (although nothing appears to happen to the instruments until they are addressed to talk), or

10 REMOTE 719

which affects the HP-IB instrument located at address 19, or

10 REMOTE719, 721, 726, 715

which effects four instruments that have addresses 19, 21, 26, and 15.

Related statements used by some computers:

RESUME

Local Lockout

Local Lockout can be used in conjunction with REMOTE to disable the front panel [LOCAL) key. With the (LOCAL] key disabled, only the controller (or a hard reset by the POWER switch) can restore local control. The syntax is:

i n t e r f a c e

selectw code

A BASIC example:

10 REMOTE 719

20 LOCAL LOCKOUT 7

1-56 Getting Started Programming

Local

Local is the complement to REMOTE, causing an instrument to return to local control with a fully enabled front panel. The syntax is:

Some BASIC examples:

10 LOCAL 7

which effects all instruments in the network, or

10 LOCAL 719

for an addressed instrument (address 19).

Related statements used by some computers:

RESUME

Clear

Clear causes all HP-IB instruments, or addressed instruments, to assume a ???cleared??? condition, with the definition of ???cleared??? being unique for each device. For the synthesizer:

1.All pending output-parameter operations are halted.

2.The parser (the software that interprets the programming codes) is reset, and now expects to receive the first character of a programming code.

The syntax is:

Some BASIC examples:

10 CLEAR7

to clear all HP-IB instruments, or

10 CLEAR 719

Getting Started Programming l-59

to clear an addressed instrument.

Related statements used by some computers:

RESET

CONTROL

SEND

The preceding statements are primarily management commands that do not incorporate programming codes. The following two statements do incorporate programming codes, and are used for data communication.

output

Output is used to send function commands and data commands from the controller to the addressed instrument. The syntax is:

where USING is a secondary command that formats the output in a particular way, such as a binary or ASCII representation of numbers. The USING command is followed by ???image items??? that precisely define the format of the output; these image items can be a string of code characters, or a reference to a statement line in the computer program. Image items are explained in the programming codes where they are needed. Notice that this syntax is virtually identical to the syntax for the ENTER statement that follows.

A BASIC example:

100 OUTPUT 719; ???programming codes???

The many programming codes for the synthesizer are listed in the ???SCPI Command Summary??? in Chapter 2.

Related statements used by some computers:

CONTROL

l-60 Getting Started Programming

CONVERT

IMAGE

IOBUFFER

TRANSFER

Enter

Enter is the complement of OUTPUT, and is used to transfer data from the addressed instrument to the controller. The syntax is:

ENTER is always used in conjunction with OUTPUT, such as:

requested number of bytes does not match the actual number available, data might be lost, or the program might enter an endless wait state.

The suppression of the EOI sequence is frequently necessary to prevent a premature termination of the data input. When not specified, the typical EOI termination occurs when an ASCII LF

Getting Started Programming 1-61

(line feed) is received. However, the LF bit pattern could coincidentally occur randomly in a long string of binary data, where it might cause a false termination. Also, the bit patterns for the ASCII CR (carriage return), comma, or semicolon might cause a false termination. Suppression of the EOI causes the computer to accept all bit patterns as data, not commands, and relies on the HP-IB EOI (end or identify) line for correct end-of-data termination.

Related statements used by some computers:

CONVERT

IMAGE

IOBUFFER

ON TIMEOUT

SET TIMEOUT

TRANSFER

This completes the HP-IB Command Statements subsection. The following material explains the SCPI programming codes, and shows how they are used with the OUTPUT and ENTER HP-IB command statements.

1-62 Getting Started Programming

Definitions of Terms This section defines most terms when they are first used, you need a general understanding of the terms listed below before you continue.

Getting Started Programming 1-63

Standard Notation This section uses several forms of notation that have specific meaning.

Command Mnemonics

Many commands have both a long and a short form, and you must use either one or the other (SCPI does not accept a combination of the two). Consider the FREQuency command, for example. The short form is FREQ and the long form is FREQUENCY (this notation style is a shorthand to document both the long and short form of

commands). SCPI is not case sensitive, so fREquEnCy is just as valid as FREQUENCY, but FREQ and FREQUENCY are the only valid forms of the FREQuency command.

Angle Brackets

Angle brackets indicate that the word or words enclosed represent something other than themselves. For example, <new line> represents the ASCII character with the decimal value 10. Similarly, C^END>means that EOI is asserted on the HP-IB interface. Words in angle brackets have much more rigidly defined meaning than words used in ordinary text. For example, this section uses the word

???message??? to talk about messages generally. But the bracketed words <program message> indicate a precisely defined element of SCPI.

If you need them, you can find the exact definitions of words such as <program message> in a syntax diagram.

How to Use Examples It is important to understand that programming with SCPI actually requires knowledge of two languages. You must know

the programming language of your controller (BASIC, C, Pascal) as well as the language of your instrument (SCPI). The semantic requirements of your controller???s language determine how the SCPI commands and responses are handled in your application.

Command Examples

Command examples look like this:

:FREQuency:CW?

This example tells you to put the string :FREQuency :CW? in the output statement appropriate to your application programming language. If you encounter problems, study the details of how the output statement handles message terminators such as <new line>. If you are using simple OUTPUT statements in HP BASIC, this is taken care of for you. In HP BASIC, you type:

OUTPUT Source; ??? : FREQuency : CW????

Command examples do not show message terminators because they are used at the end of every program message. ???Details of

1-64 Getting Started Programming

Commands and Responses,??? discusses message terminators in more detail.

Response Examples

Response examples look like this:

1.23

These are the characters you would read from an instrument after sending a query command. To actually pull them from the

instrument into the controller, use the input statement appropriate to your application programming language. If you have problems, study the details of how the input statement operates. In particular, investigate how the input statement handles punctuation characters such as comma and semicolon, and how it handles <new line> and EOI. To enter the previous response in HP BASIC, you type:

ENTER Source;CW-frequency

Response examples do not show response message terminators because they are always <new line> C-END>. These terminators are typically automatically handled by the input statement. The paragraph titled ???Details of Commands and Responses??? discusses message terminators in more detail.

Getting Started Programming 1-65

1-66 Getting Started Programming

rootc

Figure l-25. A Simplified Command Tree

In the command tree shown in Figure l-25, the command closest to the top is the root command, or simply the root. Notice that you must follow a particular path to reach lower level subcommands. For example, if you wish to access the GG command, you must follow the path AA to BB to GG.

Paths Through the Command Tree

To access commands in different paths in the command tree, you must understand how an instrument interprets commands. A special part of the instrument firmware, a purser, decodes each message sent to the instrument. The parser breaks up the message into component commands using a set of rules to determine the command tree path used. The parser keeps track of the current path, the level in the command tree where it expects to find the next command you send. This is important because the same keyword may appear in different paths. The particular path you use determines how the keyword is interpreted. The following rules are used by the parser:

8 Power On and Reset

After power is cycled or after *RST, the current path is set to the root.

nMessage Terminators

A message terminator, such as a <new line> character, sets the current path to the root. Many programming languages have output statements that send message terminators automatically. The paragraph titled, ???Details of Commands and Responses,??? discusses message terminators in more detail.

8Colon

When it is between two command mnemonics, a colon moves the current path down one level in the command tree. For example, the colon in MEAS:VOLT specifies that VOLT is one level below MEAS. When the colon is the first character of a command, it specifies that the next command mnemonic is a root level command. For example, the colon in : INIT specifies that INIT is a root level command.

l-68 Getting Started Programming

n Semicolon

A semicolon separates two commands in the same message without changing the current path.

wWhitespace

White space characters, such as <tab> and <space>, are generally ignored. There are two important exceptions. White space inside a keyword, such as :FREq uency, is not allowed. You must use white

space to separate parameters from commands. For example, the <space> between LEVel and 6.2 in the command :POWer : LEVel 6.2 is mandatory. White space does not affect the current path.

w Commas

If a command requires more than one parameter, you must separate adjacent parameters using a comma. Commas do not affect the current path.

w Common Commands

Common commands, such as *RST, are not part of any subsystem. An instrument interprets them in the same way, regardless of the current path setting.

Figure l-26 shows examples of how to use the colon and semicolon to navigate efficiently through the command tree.

Getting Started Programming 1-69

-

0D S e t c u r r e n t p a t h DOWN one level

4) vmv

:AA:BB:EE; :AA:DD:JJ

Figure l-26. Proper Use of the Colon and Semicolon

In Figure l-26, notice how proper use of the semicolon can save typing.

Sending this message: :AA:BB:EE; FF; GG

Is the same as sending these three messages: :AA:BB:EE

:AA:BB:FF

:AA:BB:GG

l-70 Getting Started Programming

CommandParameters IParameter

Type

SWEep

:DWELl

:GENeration

:MANual

:POINt

[:RELative]

Reading the Command Table

Note the three columns in the command table labeled Command, Parameters, and Parameter Type. Commands closest to the root level are at the top of the table. Commands in square brackets are implied commands, which are discussed in later paragraphs. If a command requires one or more parameters in addition to the

keyword, the parameter names are listed adjacent to the command. Parameters in square brackets are optional parameters, which are discussed in later paragraphs. If the parameter is not in square brackets, it is required and you must send a valid setting for it with

Getting Started Programming 1-71

the matching command. The parameter type is listed adjacent to each named parameter.

More About Commands

Query and Event Commands. Because you can query any value that you can set, the query form of each command is not shown explicitly in the command tables. For example, the presence of the synthesizer

:SWEep : DWELl command implies that a : SWEep : DWELl? also exists. If you see a table containing a command ending with a question mark, it is a query only command. Some commands are ewe&, and cannot be queried. An event has no corresponding setting if it causes something to happen inside the instrument at a particular

instant. For example, : INITiate : IMMediate causes a certain trigger sequence to initiate. Because it is an event, there is no query form of

:INITiate : IMMediate.

Implied Commands. Implied commands appear in square brackets in the command table. If you send a subcommand immediately preceding an implied command, but do not send the implied command, the instrument assumes you intend to use the implied command, and behaves just as if you had sent it. Note that this means the instrument expects you to include any parameters required by the implied command. The following example illustrates

equivalent ways to program the synthesizer using explicit and implied commands.

Example synthesizer commands with and without an implied commands:

Optional Parameters. Optional parameter names are enclosed in square brackets in the command table. If you do not send a value for an optional parameter, the instrument chooses a default value. The instrument???s command dictionary documents the values used for optional parameters.

Program Message Examples

The following parts of the synthesizer SCPI command set will be used to demonstrate how to create complete SCPI program messages:

:FREquency

C:CWl

:MULTiplier

: STATE

:POWER

I:: LEVEL]

Example 1: ???FREQuency : CW 5 GHZ; MULTiplier 2???

1-72 Getting Started Programming

The command is correct and will not cause errors. It is equivalent to sending:

???FREquency : CW 5 GHZ ; : FREUuency :MULTiplier 2???.

Example 2: ???FREquency 5 GHZ; MULTiplier 2???

This command results in a command error. The command makes use of the default [:CW] node. When using a default node, there is no change to the current path position. Since there is no command ???MULT??? at the root, an error results. A correct way to send this is: ???FREIJ 5 GHZ ; FREq : MULT 2??? or as in example 1.

Example 3: ???FREquency:MULTiplier 2; MULTiplier:STATE ON;

FREUuency : CW 5 GHZ???

This command results in a command error. The FREQ:CW portion of the command is missing a leading colon. The path level is dropped at each colon until it is in the FREQ:MULT subsystem. So when the FREQ:CW command is sent, it causes confusion because no such node occurs in the FREQ:MULT subsystem. By adding a leading colon, the current path is reset to the root. The corrected command is:

???FREquency:MULTiplier 2; MULTiplier:STATE ON; :FREquency:CW 5 GHZ???.

Example 4: ???FREU 5 GHZ; POWER 4 DBM???

Notice that in this example the keyword short form is used. The command is correct. It utilizes the default nodes of [:CW] and [:LEVEL]. Since default nodes do not affect the current path, it is not necessary to use a leading colon before POWER.

Parameter Types

As you saw in the example command table for SWEep, there are several types of parameters. The parameter type indicates what kind of values are valid instrument settings. The most commonly used parameter types are numeric, extended numeric, discrete, and Boolean. These common types are discussed briefly in the following paragraphs. The paragraph titled ???Details of Commands and Responses??? explains all parameter types in greater depth.

Numeric Parameters. Numeric parameters are used in both subsystem commands and common commands. Numeric parameters accept all commonly used decimal representations of numbers including optional signs, decimal points, and scientific notation. If an instrument accepts only specific numeric values, such as integers, it automatically rounds numeric parameters to fit its needs.

Examples of numeric parameters:

Getting Started Programming 1-73

Getting Started Programming 1-75

Example Programs The following is an example program using SCPI compatible instruments. The example is written in HP BASIC.

This example is a stimulus and response application. It uses a source and counter to test a voltage controlled oscillator.

Example Program

Description. This example demonstrates how several SCPI instruments work together to perform a stimulus/response measurement. This program measures the linearity of a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). A VCO is a device that outputs a frequency proportional to an input signal level. Figure l-28 shows how the hardware is configured.

Figure l-28. Voltage Controlled Oscillator Test

Program Listing.

20 !

30 INTEGER First,Last,Testpoint,Dummy

40 DIM Id$[70]

50 ASSIGN @Stimulus TO 717

60 ASSIGN @Response TO 718

70 !

80 First=0

90 Last=100

100 !

110 CLEAR @Stimulus

120 CLEAR @Response

130 !

140 OUTPUT OStimulus;"*RST"

150 OUTPUT OResponse;"*RST"

160 !

170 PRINT "Voltage Controlled Oscillator Test"

180 PRINT

190 !

200 PRINT "Source Used . . . 1,

l-78 Getting Started Programming

210 OUTPUT OStimulus;"*IDN?"

220 ENTER OStimulus;Id$

230 PRINT Id$

240 PRINT

250 !

260 PRINT "Counter Used . . . II

270 OUTPUT OResponse;"*IDN?"

280 ENTER QResponse;Id$

290 PRINT Id$

300 PRINT

310 !

320 OUTPUT OStimulus;":OUTPUT ON"

330 !

340 PRINT

350 PRINT "INPUT [mvI","OUTPUT [kHz]" 360 PRINT II _-__--__-_ II ,I1 ____________ II

370 PRINT

380 !

390 FOR Testpoint=First TO Last

400 OUTPUT OStimulus;":SOURCE:VOLT ";VAL$(Testpoint/lOOO);";*OPC?"

410 ENTER OStimulus;Dummy

420 OUTPUT QResponse;":MEAS:FREQ?"

430 ENTER OResponse;Reading

440 PRINT Testpoint,Reading/lOOO

450 NEXT Testpoint

460 !

470 OUTPUT QSource;":OUTPUT OFF"

480 END

Program Comments. Lines 20 to 70: Declare variables and I/O paths for instruments. I/O paths let you use a name for an instrument in OUTPUT and ENTER statements,instead of a numeric address.

80 to 100: Assign values to the input test limits in mV.

110 to 130: Clear the instrument HP-IB interfaces.

140 to 160: Reset each instrument to a known measurement state.

170 to 190: Print the test report title.

200 to 310: Query measurement instruments??? identifications for test traceability.

320 to 330: Connect the source output signal to the output terminals.

340 to 380: Print results table header.

390 to 460: This is the main measurement loop. Line 400 contains two commands. :SOURce:VOLT sets the output level of the source. *OPC? is used to signal that the preceding command has finished executing. To make an accurate measurement,the source output must be allowed to settle. When the output has settled, *OPC? places

Getting Started Programming 1-77

a 1 in the source Output Queue. The program waits at line 410 until the 1 returned by *OPC? is entered.

Note that following each OUTPUT containing a query is an ENTER to retrieve the queried value. If you do not use paired OUTPUTS and ENTERS, you can overwrite data in the instrument Output Queue and generate instrument errors.

470 to 480: Disconnect output terminals of the instruments from the unit under test, and end the program. All HP BASIC programs must have END as the last statement of the main program.

l-78 Getting Started Programming

) subsystem command

NOTES:

<new line> = ASCII character decimal 10 ???END = EOI asserted concurrent with last byte

Figure j-29. Simplified Program Message Syntax

As Figure l-29 shows, you can send common commands and subsystem commands in the same message. If you send more than one command in the same message, you must separate them with

Getting Started Programming l-79

a semicolon. You must always end a program message with one of the three program message terminators shown in Figure l-29. Use <new line>, C-END>, or <new line> <-END> as the program message terminator. The word <-END>> means that EOI is asserted on the HP-IB interface at the same time the preceding data byte is sent. Most programming languages send these terminators automatically. For example, if you use the HP BASIC OUTPUT statement, <new line> is automatically sent after your last data byte. If you are using a PC, you can usually configure the system to send whatever terminator you specify.

Subsystem Command Syntax

Figure l-30 describes the basic syntax of SCPI subsystem commands.

NOTE:

SP =I white space, ASCII characters 0 ,,, to 9 ,. and 11, o to 32 ,.

Figure l-30. Simplified Subsystem Command Syntax

As Figure l-30 shows, there must be a <space> between the last command mnemonic and the first parameter in a subsystem command. This is one of the few places in SCPI where <space> is required. Note that if you send more than one parameter with a single command, you must separate adjacent parameters with a comma. Parameter types are explained later in this subsection.

Common Command Syntax

Figure 1-31 describes the syntax of common commands.

l-80 Getting Started Programming

NOTE:

SP = white space, ASCII characters 0 ,. to 9 ,. and 11 ,. to 32 ,.

Figure 1-31. Simplified Common Command Syntax

Figure l-32. Simplified Response MeSSaQe Syntax

Response messages can contain both commas and semicolons as separators. When a single query command returns multiple values, a comma separates each data item. When multiple queries are sent in the same message, the groups of data items corresponding to each query are separated by a semicolon. For example, the fictitious query : QUERY I? : QUERYZ? might return a response message of:

<datai>, <datal> ; Cdata2>, <data2>

Response data types are explained later in this subsection. Note that <new line><-END> is always sent as a response message terminator.

Getting Started Programming l-81

rounds the parameter. For example, if an instrument has a programmable output impedance of 50 or 75 ohms, you specified 76.1 for output impedance, the value is rounded to 75. If the instrument setting can only assume integer values, it automatically rounds the value to an integer. For example, sending *ESE 10.123 is the same as sending *ESE 10.

Extended Numeric Parameters. Most measurement related subsystems use extended numeric parameters to specify physical quantities. Extended numeric parameters accept all numeric parameter values and other special values as well. All extended numeric parameters accept MAXimum and MINimum as values. Other special values, such as UP and DOWN may be available as documented in the instrument???s command dictionary. Note that MINimum and MAXimum can be used to set or query values. The query forms

are useful for determining the range of values allowed for a given parameter.

In some instruments, extended numeric parameters accept engineering unit suffixes as part of the parameter value. Refer to the command summary to see if this capability exists.

Note that extended numeric parameters are not used for common commands or STATUS subsystem commands.

Examples of extended numeric parameters:

100.any simple numeric values - 1 . 2 3largest valid setting

4.56e<space>3 -7.89E-01 +256

.5

MAX

MINvalid setting nearest negative infinity -100 mVnegative 100 millivolts

Getting Started Programming 1-83

Discrete Parameters. Use discrete parameters to program settings that have a finite number of values. Discrete parameters use mnemonics to represent each valid setting. They have a long and a short form, just like command mnemonics. You can used mixed upper and lower case letters for discrete parameters.

Examples of discrete parameters used with the ROSCillator subsystem:

INTernal internal frequency standard

EXTernal external frequency standard

NONE no frequency standard, free run mode

Although discrete parameters values look like command keywords, do not confuse the two. In particular, be sure to use colons and spaces properly. Use a colon to separate command mnemonics from each other. Use a space to separate parameters from command mnemonics.

Boolean Parameters. Boolean parameters represent a single binary condition that is either true or false. There are only four possible values for a Boolean parameter.

Examples of Boolean parameters:

ON Boolean TRUE, upper/lower case allowed OFF Boolean FALSE, upper/lower case allowed 1 Boolean TRUE

0 Boolean FALSE

Response Data Types

Real Response Data. A large portion of all measurement data are formatted as real response data. Real response data are decimal numbers in either fixed decimal notation or scientific notation. In general, you do not need to worry about the rules for formatting real data, or whether fixed decimal or scientific notation is used. Most high level programming languages that support instrument I/O handle either type transparently.

Examples of real response data:

1.23E+O -1.OE+2 +l.OE+2

0.5E+O 1.23

- 100 . 0 +100.0 0 . 5

l-84 Getting Started Programming

Integer Response Data. Integer response data are decimal representations of integer values including optional signs. Most status register related queries return integer response data.

Examples of integer response data:

0 signs are optional +lOO leading + sign allowed -100 leading sign allowed

256 never any decimal point

Discrete Response Data. Discrete response data are similar to discrete parameters. The main difference is that discrete response data return only the short form of a particular mnemonic, in all upper case letters.

Examples of discrete response data:

String Response Data. String response data are similar to string parameters. The main difference is that string response data use only double quotes as delimiters, rather than single quotes. Embedded double quotes may be present in string response data. Embedded quotes appear as two adjacent double quotes with no characters between them.

Examples of string response data:

" T h i s I S v a l i d "

"SO IS THIS "'I "

" I s a i d , II "Hello ! II II II

Getting Started Programming l-85

1-86 Getting Started Programming

Use of the Command Tables

In Table 1-4, notice that a new column titled ???Allowed Values??? has been added to the command table. This column lists the specific values or range of values allowed for each parameter. A vertical bar (I) separates values in a list from which you must choose one value. The commands listed in the table are only part of all the available SCPI commands of the synthesizer. For a complete listing of the programming codes see ???SCPI Command Summary??? in the Operating and Programming Reference chapter that follows.

Table 1-4. Sample Synthesizer Commands

Getting Started Programming 1-87

Table 1-4. Sample Synthesizer Commands (continued)

1-88 Getting Started Programming

Getting Started Programming 1-89

l-90 Getting Started Programming

Program Comments

10: Assign the source???s HP-IB address to a variable.

20 to 50: Abort any HP-IB activity and initialize the HP-IB interface.

60: Set the source to its initial state for programming. The *RST state is not the same as the PRESET state. For complete details of the instrument state at *RST, see ???SCPI Command Summary," in Chapter 2.

70:Select the frequency mode to be SWEEP instead of the default sweep mode of ???CW??? that was selected with *RST.

80:Set the source start frequency to 4 GHz.

90:Set the source stop frequency to 7 GHz. Note the optional usage of the short-form mnemonic, ???FREQ???.

100: Set the source???s power level to -5 dBm.

110: Set the sweeptime to 500 ms. Notice that upper/lower case in commands does not matter. Also spaces before the suffix (???MS???) are not required in SCPI.

120 and 130: Set markers 1 and 2 to a fixed value. Notice that the value for marker 2 does not end with a frequency suffix. Hertz is a default terminator and is understood.

140: Wait until the source has completed setting up the commands that have been sent so far before turning on the output.

150: The ENTER statement causes the program to wait here until the source responds to the previous *OPC? with a ???1???.

Getting Started Programming 1-91

1-92 Getting Started Programming

10 Source=719

20 ABORT 7

30 LOCAL 7

40 CLEAR Source

50 REMOTE Source

60 CLS

Getting Started Programming l-93

70 OUTPUT Source;"*RST;FREQ:MODE SWE;STAR 4GHZ ;STOP 5GHZ;:INIT:CONT ON"

80 OUTPUT Source;"*SAV 1"

90 CLS

100 PRINT "A sweeping state has been saved in REGISTER 1." 110 OUTPUT Source;"*RST;FREQ:CW 1.23456GHZ;:POW:LEV -1DBM" 120 OUTPUT Source;"*SAV 2"

130 PRINT "A CW state has been saved in REGISTER 2." 140 PRINT 'I..... Press Continue"

150 PAUSE

160 OUTPUT Source;"*RCL 1"

170 PRINT "Register 1 recalled. Verify source is sweeping.???

180 PRINT "Press Continue."

190 PAUSE

200 OUTPUT Source;"*RCL 2"

210 PRINT "Register 2 recalled."

220 PRINT "Verify source is in CW mode.'

230 END

Run the program.

Program Comments

10: Assign the source???s HP-IB address to a variable.

20 to 50: Abort any HP-IB activity and initialize the HP-IB interface.

60:Clear the computer???s display.

70:Setup the source for a sweeping state. Note the combination of several commands into a single message. This single line is equivalent to the following lines:

OUTPUT Source;"*RST"

OUTPUT Source;"FREQ:MODE SWEep"

OUTPUT Source;"FREQ:STARt 4 GHZ'

OUTPUT Source;"FREQ:STOP 5 GHZ"

OUTPUT Source;"INIT:CONT ON"

80: Save this state into storage register 1.

90:Clear the computer display.

100:Print a message on the computer display.

110:Setup the source for a CW state. Note the combination of several commands into a single message. This single line is equivalent to the following lines:

OUTPUT Source;"*RST"

OUTPUT Source;"FREQ:CW 1.23456 GHZ"

OUTPUT Source;"POWer:LEVel -1 DBM"

120: Save this state into storage register 2.

130 to 150: Print a message on the computer display and pause.

l-94 Getting Started Programming

Run the program.

Program Comments

10: Assign the source???s HP-IB address to a variable.

20 to 50: Abort any HP-IB activity and initialize the HP-IB interface.

60:Clear the computer???s display.

70:Set the source to its initial state for programming.

80: Setup the frequency parameters using a compound message.

90: Setup the source???s power level and state using a compound message.

Getting Started Programming 1-95

100:Setup the source???s sweep time to 1 second.

110:Send the "OPC? command to the source to ensure that the previous commands are completed and the source is ready to begin controlled sweeps.

120:Enter the response to the *OPC? into the variable X. The response should be a ???1???.

130:Start of the loop.

140 and 150: Prompt the operator for the number of sweeps to take. The number of sweeps to take is stored in the variable N. Enter 0 to quit the program.

160: Don???t take any sweeps if N is less than 0.

170:Start a FOR/NEXT loop to take N sweeps.

180:Display the number of this sweep on the computer display.

190:Initiate a single sweep on the source and then wait until the pending operation is complete. Return a ???1??? when the sweep completes.

200:Enter the response to the *OPC? into the variable X. The program execution will halt on this ENTER statement until the sweep is finished.

10 Source=719

20 ABORT 7

30 LOCAL 7

40 CLEAR Source

50 REMOTE Source

60 CLS

70 OUTPUT Source;"*RST"

80 OUTPUT Source;"FREq:STAR 4GHZ; STOP 5GHZ; MODE SWE"

90 OUTPUT Source;"SWE:TIME 2"

100 OUTPUTSource;"*OPC?"

110 ENTER Source;X

120 FOR I=1 TO 4

130 OUTPUT Source;"INIT"

140 OUTPUTSource;"*WAI"

150 OUTPUT Source;"POW:STAT ON"

160 OUTPUT Source;"INIT"

170 OUTPUTSource;"*WAI"

180 OUTPUT Source;"POW:STAT OFF"

l-96 Getting Started Programming

190 NEXT I

200 PRINT ???Finished sending commands to source. ???I

2 1 0 P R I N T ??? N o t e t h a t e x e c u t i o n i s c o n t i n u i n g f o r f o u r c y c l e s . ???

220 END

Run the program.

Program Comments

10: Assign the source???s HP-IB address to a variable.

20 to 50: Abort any HP-IB activity and initialize the HP-IB interface.

60:Clear the computer???s display.

70:Set the source to its initial state for programming.

80:Set the source up for a sweep, from 4 GHz to 5 GHz.

90: Set the sweep time to 2 second. In SCPI, suffixes are optional if you program in fundamental units (for sweep time, that would be seconds).

100: Send an ???OPC? to the source.

110: Enter the query response to the *OPC? into a variable ???X???. The program execution will halt here until the source has finished processing all the commands up to this point. Once complete, the source will respond to the *OPC? with a ???1???.

120: Begin a FOR/NEXT loop that is repeated four times.

130: Initiate a sweep on the source.

140: Send a *WA1 command to the source. This command causes the source to stop executing new commands until all prior commands and operations have completed execution. In this case, there is a sweep in progress, so no further commands will be executed until the sweep finishes.

150: Turn the RF output of the source ON.

160: Initiate a sweep on the source.

170: Send another *WA1 to the source. Although the *WA1 command causes EXECUTION of commands to be held off, it has no effect on the transfer of commands over the HP-IB. The commands continue to be accepted by the source and are buffered until they can be executed.

180: Toggle the RF STATE to OFF.

190: Repeat the sample exercise.

200 and 210: Print messages on the computer display.

Getting Started Programming 1-97

10 !Assign the address of the source and power meter 20 ASSIGN QSource TO 719

30 ASSIGN @Meter TO 713

40 INTEGER Error-flag

50 ABORT 7

60 !

70 !Set up source

80 OUTPUT @Source; "*RST"

90 OUTPUT @Source; "FREQuency:MODE SWEep; STARt 2 GHZ; STOP 20 GHZ" 100 OUTPUT @Source; "SWEep:TIME 200 MS"

110 OUTPUT @Source; "POWer:LEVel 5 DBM;:INITiate:CONTinuous ON"

2 9 0 ! S e t u p c o r r e c t i o n f r e q u e n c i e s i n U s e r F l a t n e s s C o r r e c t i o n t a b l e 300 OUTPUT @Source; "CORRection:FLATness I';

310 Start_freq=2

320 Stop_freq=20

330 Increment=.1

340 Freq=Start-freq

350 WHILE Freq<Stop-freq

1-96 Getting Started Programming

Bit Name f

Bit Number

Figure l-33. Generalized Status Register Model

When a status group is implemented in an instrument, it always contains all of the component registers. However, there is not always a corresponding command to read or write to every register.

Condition Register

The condition register continuously monitors the hardware and firmware status of the instrument. There is no latching or buffering for this register, it is updated in real time. Condition registers are read-only.

Getting Started Programming l-101

There may or may not be a command to read a particular condition register.

Transition Filter

The transition filter specifies which types of bit state changes in the condition register will set corresponding bits in the event register. Transition filter bits may be set for positive transitions (PTR), negative transitions (NTR), or both. Positive means a condition

bit changes from 0 to 1. Negative means a condition bit changes from 1 to 0. Transition filters are read-write. Transition filters are unaffected by *CLS (clear status) or queries. They are set to instrument dependent values at power on and after *RST.

Event Register

The event register latches transition events from the condition register, as specified by the transition filter. Bits in the event register are latched, and once set they remain set until cleared by a query or a *CLS (clear status). There is no buffering, so while an event bit is set, subsequent events corresponding to that bit are ignored. Event registers are read-only.

Enable Register

The enable register specifies the bits in the event register that can generate a summary bit. The instrument logically ANDs corresponding bits in the event and enable registers, and ORs all the resulting bits to obtain a summary bit. Summary bits are in turn recorded in the Status Byte. Enable registers are read-write. Querying an enable register does not affect it. There is always a command to read and write to the enable register of a particular status group.

An Example Sequence

Figure l-34 illustrates the response of a single bit position in a typical status group for various settings. The changing state of the condition in question is shown at the bottom of the figure. A small binary table shows the state of the chosen bit in each status register at the selected times Tl to T5.

l-102 Getting Started Programming

Case A

Case B

Case C

Case D

Condition

4-4-N-L

TlT2T3T4T5

Figure l-34. Typical Status Register Bit Changes

Getting Started Programming l-103

l-1 04 Getting Started Programming

operation state signals the instrument hardware to take some action, and listens for a signal that the action has been taken.

*RST

Initiate

Event

D e t e c t i o n #l

A

v

Event

D e t e c t i o n #N

Figure l-35. Generalized Trigger Model

Details of Trigger States

These paragraphs use flow charts to explain the decision making rules inside each trigger state. These rules govern how the instrument moves between adjacent states. Some of the flow charts reference commands that have not been discussed yet. These commands

are explained later in this subsection. Keep in mind that this explanation covers the most general case. Your particular instrument may not implement all of the commands discussed here.

Inside the Idle State. Figure l-36 illustrates the operation of the idle state.

Getting Started Programming l-1 05

:ABORt

*RST

Figure l-36. Inside the Idle State

Turning power on, or sending *RST or :ABORT forces the trigger system to the idle state. The trigger system remains in the

idle state until it is initiated by 1NITiate:IMMediate or

INITiate: CONTinuous ON . Once one of these conditions is satisfied, the trigger system exits downward to the initiate state. Note that *RST sets INITiate : CONTinuous OFF.

Whenever the trigger system leaves the idle state, it sets the instrument???s Operation Pending Flag. Returning to idle clears the flag. The Operation Pending Flag is a special bit inside the instrument that can affect how the instrument responds to certain commands. You need to know this fact when using *OPC, *OPC?, *WAI, and other commands.

Inside the Initiate State. Figure l-37 illustrates the operation of the initiate state.

Figure l-37. Inside the Initiate State

If the trigger system is on a downward path, it travels directly through the initiate state without restrictions. If the trigger system is on an upward path, and 1NITiate:CONTinuous is ON, it exits downward to an event-detection state. If the trigger system is on an

l-106 Getting Started Programming

upward path and 1NITiate:CONTinuous is OFF, it exits upward to the idle state.

Inside Event Detection States. Figure 1-38 illustrates the operation of an arbitrary event detection state named <state-name>. Typical <state-names >are TRIGger, ARM, STARt , and STOP.

Normal downward execution is controlled by the source command.

SOURce

The : <state-name> : SOURce command specifies which particular input can generate the event required to continue the downward path. If the source chosen is a non-analog signal, such as IMMediate, BUS, or TIMer , no further qualifications are required to generate an event. If, however, an INTernal or EXTernal analog signal is chosen, additional qualifications may apply. You specify these additional qualifications using appropriate LEVel, SLOPe, and HYSTeresis commands. Sending *RST sets the SOURce to IMMediate.

The downward path also provides a command to override normal operation.

IMMediate

The : <state-name> : IMMediate command bypasses event detection, ECOunt, and DELay qualifications one time. The upward path through the event detection state contains only one condition. A

: <state-name> : COUNt command sets the number of times the trigger system must successfully exit that event detection state on a downward path. If this condition is satisfied, the trigger system exits upward.

Getting Started Programming l-107

Inside the Sequence Operation State. Figure l-39 illustrates the operation of the sequence operation state.

The downward entrance to the Sequence Operation State signals that some instrument dependent action should begin at once. An upward exit is not allowed until the instrument signals that its action is complete. Note that complete can be defined differently for different instruments. For example, consider an instrument that can sweep a range of frequencies starting with fr and ending with fi. The action-complete signal can be defined to coincide with the output of either fr or f2.

Getting Started Programming l-109

_ :ABORt

Idle

*RST

Initiate

Figure l-40. The INIT Trigger Configuration

Command Parameters Parameter Type I

:ABORt7

:INITiate

[:IMMediate]

:CONTinuous s t a t eBoolean

Example commands using the INIT trigger configuration:

: ABORtabort operations, go to idle :INIT:IMM execute one sequence operation

:INIT:CONT ON execute sequence operations continuously

: INIT: CONT OFF stop sequence operations after the current one is complete

The TRIG Configuration

Instruments using the TRIG configuration include one event detection state named TRIG, and a corresponding TRIGger subsystem. And, all SCPI instruments implement the required INITiate and ABORt subsystems.

l-l 10 Getting Started Programming

Figure 1-41. The TRIG Trigger Configuration

Sweep Initiated

Waiting for the

Trigger Signal

t o b e T r u e

Sweep Started

v

Sweep State

P e r f o r m a S w e e p

I

(Frequency, Power, Stepped, List, or Analog)

Figure l-42. HP 8360 Simplified Trigger Model

The process of sweeping involves all 3 of these states. The IDLE state is where the sweep begins. The IDLE state is left when

Getting Started Programming l-l11

l-l 12 Getting Started Programming

ABORt

The ABORt command forces the trigger system to the idle state. Any measurement or output sequence in process is aborted as quickly as possible. ABORt does not alter the settings programmed by other commands, unlike *RST. ABORt is a root level event command and cannot be queried.

IMMediate

The IMMediate command provides a one-time override of the normal downward path in an event-detection state. The instrument must be in the specified event detection state when IMMediate is received, or an error is generated and the command has no effect. For example, the instrument must be in the TRIG state for :TRIGger : IMMediate to work properly. If the instrument is in the idle state, the command has no effect, and an error would be generated. IMMediate is an event command and cannot be queried.

ODELay

The ODELay command specifies the time between the source settling and the time the trigger out signal is sent. Specifying

:TRIGger:ODELay <num>(time suffix) instructs the synthesizer to set the specified time as the delay necessary to ensure proper settling. Sending *RST sets ODELay to an instrument dependent value, usually zero.

SOURce

The SOURce command selects the trigger source for an event-detection state. Only one source can be specified at a time, and all others are ignored. Sending *RST sets SOURce to IMMediate. The most commonly used sources are:

n BUS

The event detector is satisfied by either Group Execute Trigger(<GET>) or a *TRG command. <GET> is a low level HP-IB message that can be sent using the TRIGGER command in

HP BASIC.

nEXTernal

An external signal connector is selected as the source.

nIMMediate

Qualified events are generated automatically. There is no waiting for a qualified event.

Getting Started Programming l-l 13

1-l 14 Getting Started Programming

2

OPERATING AND PROGRAMMING REFERENCE

For operator???s service information, see the chapter titled, ???Operator???s Check and Routine Maintenance,??? in this volume. The operator accessible (SERVICE) softkeys are described in that chapter. Complete [m) menu and softkey information is provided in Assembly-Level

Repair.

Operating and Programming Reference 2-1

Adrs Menu

Function Group SYSTEM

Menu Map 8

Description This softkey accesses the HP-IB address menu.

0ALC

Function Group ALC

Menu Map 1

Leveling Mode ALCoff Disables the ALC leveling circuits. Relative power level is controlled by means of the level DAC and attenuator. Power is not sensed at

any point, and absolute power level is uncalibrated.

Leveling Mode Normal Sets the synthesizer to continuous leveling at the specified leveling point.

Leveling Point Module Sets the synthesizer to level power at the output of a millimeter-wave module. Either an HP 8349B or 8355X series millimeter-wave source module must be connected to the

SOURCE MODULE INTERFACE.

L e v e l i n g P o i n t PwrMtr Sets the synthesizer to level power at an external power meter. A power meter???s recorder output must be connected to the EXT ALC input.

The following paragraphs explain the power control (leveling) function of the synthesizer in detail.

ALC SYSTEM - OVERVIEW

The ALC system, referred to as a system because it encompasses more than one functional area, is shown as a simplified block diagram in Figure A-l. The purpose of this system is to control the amplitude or power level of the RF energy generated by the synthesizer. It is a feedback control system, in which the output power is measured and compared to the desired power level. If the output power does not equal the desired power level the ALC system changes the output until they are equal.

Desired power level can be set by either front panel or remote operation. As shown in Figure A-l, the inputs and calibration data are processed by the synthesizer CPU, which uses this information to set the Level DAC.

In turn, the Level DAC sends a controlling voltage to the Level Control Circuits. In the presence of modulation, voltages appearing at the AM and/or PULSE inputs contribute to the control of the

Level Control Circuits.

In synthesizers with optional step attenuators, the power level at the output connector can be reduced by a maximum of 90 dB, in 10 dB steps. This is in addition to the control capabilities provided by the

Level Control Circuits.

A Feedback Signal to the Level Control Circuits can be provided by either internal or external detectors. This signal is the comparison voltage necessary for accurate, stable, power level settings and good source match at various Leveling Points. Alternatively, the power level can be set without using feedback. In this mode however, power level is uncalibrated and is subject to drift with temperature.

The following paragraphs describe the operation of the different leveling modes and leveling points.

(POWER LEVEL), the ALC level and attenuator are set automatically to provide the most accuracy for the power requested.

Uncoupled Operation. In some applications it is advantageous to control the ALC level and attenuator separately, using combinations of settings that are not available in coupled operation. In uncoupled mode (Uncoupl Atten ), when the desired power output is set via (POWER LEVEL), only the ALC level is changed. The attenuator setting is changed via Set: Atten.

One use of uncoupled operation is power sweep, where the output power linearly tracks the sweep voltage ramp. The synthesizer can generate power sweeps of up to 40 dB, depending on frequency. The power at the start of the sweep is set via (POWER LEVEL) (coupled operation) or by a combination of POWER LEVEL and Set Atten (uncoupled operation). The sweep range is entered by selecting Power Sweep. If the sweep range entered exceeds the ALC range (stop power greater than maximum available power), the UNLVLED warning message appears at the end of sweep. No warning is given at the time of entry. If the start power is entered when the synthesizer is in coupled operation, the ALC level is set no lower than -10 dBm, limiting the available power sweep range. Using uncoupled operation and setting the ALC level to -20 dBm gives an additional 10 dB of sweep range.

External Leveling - Leveling Mode Normal ,

Leveling Point ExtDet or PwrMtr or Module

In externally leveled operations, the output power from the synthesizer is detected by an external sensor. The output of this detector is returned to the leveling circuits, and the output power is automatically adjusted to keep the power constant at the point of detection. Figure A-2 shows a basic external leveling arrangement. The output of the detected arm of the splitter or coupler is held constant. If the splitter response is flat, the output of the other arm is also constant. This arrangement offers superior flatness over internal leveling, especially if long cables are involved. Flatness may be improved with user flatness correction ((FLTNESS ON/OFF),

Fitness Menu ) applied at the external leveling point.

5. Modulation is re-enabled if appropriate.

These steps are performed in approximately 200 ps and are repeated any time power or frequency is changed.

See Also Softkeys listed above, Fitness Menu, (MOD), (POWER LEVEL),

S e t &ten

???Externally Leveling the Synthesizer???, ???Working with Mixers???, and ???Working with Spectrum Analyzers,??? in Chapter 1.

ALC Bandwidth

Select Auto

Function Group ALC

Menu Map 1

Description This softkey sets the synthesizer to choose the ALC bandwidth automatically depending on the current sweep and modulation conditions. An asterisk next to the key label indicates that this feature is active.

Programming Codes SCPI: POWer:ALC:BANDwidth:AUTO ONI1

Analyzer: NONE

See Also ALC BW Menu

???Optimizing Synthesizer Performance??? in Chapter 1.

ALC Bandwidth

Select High

Programming Codes SCPI: Sending the synthesizer an ALC bandwidth frequency value of >lO kHz causes it to select the high ALC bandwidth mode.

POWer:ALC:BANDwidth:AUTO OFF10

POWer:ALC:BANDwidth <freq>[freq suffix] or

MAXimumJ MINimum

Analyzer: NONE

See Also (ALC, ALC BW Menu

???Optimizing Synthesizer Performance??? in Chapter 1.

ALC Bandwidth

Select Low

Function Group ALC

Menu Map 1

Description This softkey sets the synthesizer to the ALC low bandwidth position (10 kHz). In this mode, the ALC bandwidth operates in a narrow bandwidth for all sweep and modulation conditions. An asterisk next to the key label indicates that this feature is active.

Programming Codes SCPI: Sending the synthesizer an ALC bandwidth frequency value of 510 kHz causes it to select the low ALC bandwidth mode.

POWer:ALC:BANDwidth:AUTO OFF]0

POWer:ALC:BANDwidth <freq>[freq suffix] or

MAXimum 1 MINimum

Analyzer: NONE

S e e A l s o (ALCI, ALC BW Menu

???Optimizing Synthesizer Performance??? in Chapter 1.

ALC BW Menu

Function Group ALC

Menu Map 1

ALC BW Menu

to remain there for all sweep and modulation conditions.

See Also (ALC)

???Optimizing Synthesizer Performance??? in Chapter 1.

Altmate Rep

Function Group SYSTEM

Menu Map 8

Description This softkey causes the synthesizer to alternate on successive sweeps between the present instrument state and a second instrument state stored in an internal register (1 to 8). Select Altrnate Regs once to turn it on, a second time to turn it off. An asterisk next to the key label indicates that this feature is active.

Programming Codes SCPI:

SYSTem:ALTernate:STATe ONlOFFlllO

SYSTem:ALTernate <num>IMAXimumIMINimum

Analyzer: ALln, where n= 1 through 8 function on, AL0 function off

See Also [RECALL),(SAVE)

???Saving and Recalling an Instrument State??? in Chapter 1.

AM BW Cal Always

See Also Modulation

AM BW Cal Once

Programming Codes SCPI: CALibration:AM:[EXECute]

Analyzer: NONE

See Also Modulation

AM Cal Menu

Function Group USER CAL

Menu Map 9

Description This softkey accesses the AM bandwidth calibration menu.

See Also Softkeys listed above.

AM Menu

Function Group (MOD)

Menu Map 4

Description This softkey (Option 002 only) accesses the amplitude modulation softkeys. These softkeys engage external and internal amplitude modulation. They allow you to define the scaling, waveform, rate, and depth of the internal AM.

AM On/Off Ext Toggles on and off the amplitude modulation mode for an external AM source.

AM On/Off Int Toggles on and off the amplitude modulation mode using the internal AM generator.

Internal AM Rate

Sets the rate of the internal amplitude modulation.

Internal AM Depth

Sets the depth of the internal amplitude modulation.

AM Type 100%/V Sets the scale to linear at 100% per volt.

AM Type JOB/V Sets the scale to exponential at 10 dB per volt.

Programming Codes SCPI: NONE, see the individual softkeys listed.

Analyzer: NONE

See Also IhnoD_1, also see ???AM??? and ???Modulation???.

AM On/Off 100%/V

AM On/Off 100%/V

Programming Codes SCPI:

AM:TYPE LINear

AM[:STATE] ON]OFF]l]O

Analyzer: AM1 function on, AM0 function off

See Also LALC), CONNECTORS, (MOD)

???Optimizing Synthesizer Performance??? in Chapter 1.

AM On/Off Ext

Function Group Ilvloo_)

Menu Map 4

Description This softkey (Option 002 only) activates the amplitude modulation mode for an external source. The AM source is connected to the AM modulation connector.

When external AM is in effect, the RF output is amplitude modulated with a rate and depth set by the external source. Amplitude scaling is controlled by the following softkeys:

AM Type 100%/V AM Type l&B/V. An asterisk next to the key label indicates that external AM is active and HP1 is displayed on the message line.

Programming Codes SCPI:

AM:SOURce EXTernal

AM:STATe ON/OFF

Analyzer: AM1 function on, AM0 function off

See Also (MOD), also see ???AM??? and ???Modulation???.

Amp1 Markers

An asterisk next to the key label indicates that internal AM is active and HP~ is displayed on the message line. Both amplitude and pulse modulation can be in effect simultaneously.

Amp1 Markers

Function Group MARKER

Menu Map 3

Description Active markers are normally displayed as intensified dots on a CRT display. With Amp1 Markers selected, active markers are displayed as amplitude spikes (an abrupt discontinuity in the sweep trace). The marker amplitude can be varied. The synthesizer displays: --> AMPLITUDE MARKER SIZE: XXXXdB. Where XXXX represents an amplitude value. Use the rotary knob, the step keys, or the numerical entry keys with the dB(m) terminator key to

set the desired value. If a small change is required, the left and right arrow keys can be used to underline the digit to be changed. Select Amp1 Markers again to return to the normal intensified dot representation. See ???Specifications??? for the range of acceptable

Amp1 Markers

amplitude values. An asterisk next to the key label indicates this feature is active.

AM Type 10 dB/V

???Optimizing Synthesizer Performance??? in Chapter 1.

ANALYZER STATUS

REGISTER

Arrow Keys

Programming Codes SCPI: No specific command is available, but the key can be addressed, see SCPI Key Numbers.

Analyzer: NONE

See Also Fitness Menu, List Menu

???Entry Area??? and ???Creating and Applying the User Flatness Correction Array??? in Chapter 1.

See Also SCPI Key Numbers, USER DEFINED (MENU]

Auto Fill Incr

Auto Fill Incr

Function Group FREQUENCY, POWER

Menu Map 2,s

Description This softkey is used in two locations: Fitness Menu and

List Menu.

Auto Fill #F'ts

Function Group FREQUENCY, POWER

Menu Map 2,s

Description This softkey is used in two locations: Fitness Menu and

List Menu.

Flatness Menu - When selected, the synthesizer waits for a numeric value representing the number of correction points to be entered. --> Number of Correction Points: is displayed in the active entry area. A list of frequencies containing the number of specified points is created automatically. The list begins at the auto fill start frequency and ends at the auto fill stop frequency. The rest of the points are equally spaced between them. A minimum of two points must be entered.

If the number of points requested creates a list that exceeds the number of elements available (801), the following message appears:

TOO MANY CORRECTION PTS REqUESTED

List Menu - When selected, the synthesizer waits for a numeric value representing the number of list points to be entered. --> Number

of List Frequencies: is displayed in the active entry area. A list of frequencies containing the number of specified points is created automatically. The list begins at the auto fill start frequency and ends at the auto fill stop frequency. The rest of the points are equally spaced between them. A minimum of two points must be entered.

If the number of points requested creates a list that exceeds the number of points available (801), the following message appears:

Error. . . t o o m a n y l i s t p o i n t s r e q u e s t e d .

P o i n t s u s e d : 0

P o i n t s a v a i l a b l e : 8 0 1

Programming Codes SCPI: NONE, see Fltness Menu or List Menu

Analyzer: NONE

See Also Fitness Menu, List Menu

???Optimizing Synthesizer Performance??? in Chapter 1.

Auto Fill Stop

Auto Fill Start

Function Group FREQUENCY, POWER

Menu Map 2,s

Description This softkey is used in two locations: Fltness Menu and

List Menu. The operation is the same in both applications.

This softkey enables the entry of a start frequency used to determine the beginning frequency of the automatic filling array. The array

is not created until either the increment value or the number of points is assigned. The auto fill start frequency does not affect the synthesizer start frequency. When Auto Fill Start is selected, the active entry area indicates:

--> Fill Start: XXXXXXXXX MHz

where X represents a numeric value. Unless a previous entry was made, the display indicates the synthesizer minimum frequency.

Auto Fill Stop

Function Group FREQUENCY, POWER

Menu Map 2,s

Description This softkey is used in two locations: Fltness Menu and

List Menu. The operation is the same in both applications.

This softkey enables the entry of a stop frequency used to determine the ending frequency of the automatic filling array. The array is not created until either the increment value or the number of points is assigned. The auto fill stop frequency does not affect the synthesizer stop frequency. When Auto Fill Stop is selected, the active entry area indicates:

Auto Track

Function Group POWER, USER CAL

Menu Map 5,9

Description This softkey optimizes the tracking of the synthesizer???s output filter to the oscillator. Use it to maximize RF power output. The synthesizer displays: Peaking At: XXXXXMHz,where XXXXX represents frequency values. Peaking begins at the low frequency end and steps through to the high end of the frequency range. Auto Track is complete when the display returns to its original state. On synthesizers without a step attenuator provide a good source match on the RF connector. Use a power sensor or a 10 dB attenuator. If a good source match is not provided, the synthesizer can mistrack because of excessive reflections at the output.

Programming Codes SCPI: CALibration:TRACk

Analyzer: SHRP

See Also Tracking Menu

???Optimizing Synthesizer Performance??? in Chapter 1.

B

Blank Disp

Function Group SYSTEM

Menu Map 8

Description When this softkey is selected, it causes the top four lines of the display to blank and remain blank until the [PRESET) key is pressed. Blanking the display prevents sensitive information from being displayed. As an added benefit, remote execution time is reduced because the display does not require refreshing. This key does not disable any other key functions. An asterisk next to the key label indicates this function is active.

Programming Codes SCPI: DISPlay[:STATe] ONjOFFIOIl

Analyzer: SHSll disables the display, SHSlO re-enables the display

See Also S e c u r i t y Menu

C

Programming Codes SCPI:

FREQuency:CENTer <num>[freq suffix] or

MAXimumIMINimumlUPIDOWN

FREQuency:MODE SWEep

Analyzer: CF

See Also (SPAN),(m),(STOP)

???Center Frequency/Span Operation??? in Chapter 1.

Center=Narker

Function Group MARKER

Menu Map 3

Description This softkey sets the center frequency of the sweep to the frequency of the most recently activated marker. Select any marker Ml . . .

M5, then select Center=Marker to change the center frequency of the sweep to that of the marker. The frequency span does not change unless the new sweep limits fall outside the frequency range of the synthesizer, in that case the synthesizer automatically scales the frequency span to be within the synthesizer???s operating frequency range.

Programming Codes SCPI:

MARKer[n][:FREQuency] ?

FREQuency:CENTer <freq from above> [freq suffix]

Analyzer: MC

See Also [w)

???Marker Operation??? in Chapter 1.

Clear Fault

See Also Fault Menu

Clear Nemorg

Clear Memory

Function Group SYSTEM

Menu Map 8

Description This softkey causes the synthesizer to return to the factory preset instrument state, after writing alternating ones and zeroes over all state information, frequency lists, and save/recall registers a selected number of times. When you select Clear Memory , the synthesizer displays the following in the active entry area:

--> # OF TIMES TO CLEAR MEMORY: X

Clear Point

Function Group POWER

Menu Map 5

Description This softkey lets you change the correction value for the active frequency point to the ???Undefined??? state.

Programming Codes SCPI: NONE, see Fltness Menu

Analyzer: NONE

S e e A l s o (ALC), Fitness Menu

???Optimizing Synthesizer Performance??? in Chapter 1.

CONNECTORS

STOP SWEEP IN/OUT stops a sweep when this input is pulled low. Retrace does not occur, and the sweep resumes when this input is pulled high. The open circuit voltage is TTL high and is internally pulled low when the synthesizer stops its sweep. Externally forcing this input high will not cause damage or disrupt normal operation.

10 MHz REF INPUT accepts a 10 MHz 3.~100 Hz, 0 to +lO dBm reference signal for operation referenced to an external time base. Nominal input impedance is 50 Q.

10 MHz REF OUTPUT provides a 0 dBm, 10 MHz signal derived from the internal frequency standard of the synthesizer. This input is a 50R connector that can be used as the master clock reference output for a network of instruments.

TRIGGER INPUT activated on a TTL rising edge. Used to externally initiate an analog sweep or to advance to the next point of a step list or a frequency list.

TRIGGER OUTPUT Produces a 1 ps wide TTL-level pulse at 1601 points evenly spaced across an analog sweep, or at each point in a step list or a frequency list.

VOLTS/GHz supplies a voltage that is proportional to the RF output frequency, with a ratio of 0.5 volt output for every 1 GHz of RF frequency (factory setting). This ratio is switchable to either 0.25 or 1 volt. The switch is located on the Al2 SYTM assembly, see Adjustments in the Service Guide for information.

Z-AXIS BLANK/MKRS supplies a positive rectangular pulse (approximately +5V into 2 kQ) during the retrace and switch points when the synthesizer is sweeping. This output also supplies a -5V pulse when the RF output is coincident with a marker frequency.

Multi-pin Connectors AUXILIARY INTERFACE connector provides control signals to the HP 8516A S-parameter test set switch doubler. This connector is a 25-pin D-subminiature receptacle located on the rear panel. It is also used for dual synthesizer measurement systems (two-tone systems), refer to Step Control Master for more information.

AUXILIARY INTERFACE

131

2514

RS-232 C A B L E

Figure C-l. Auxiliary Interface Connector

Table C-l. Pin Description of the Auxiliary Interface

21Spare

22No Connection

23Spare

CONNECTORS

operation up 1 km (3,280 ft), and telephone modem operation over any distance. HP Sales and Service offices can provide additional information on the HP-IB extenders.

The codes next to the HP-IB connector, illustrated in Figure C-2, describe the HP-IB electrical capabilities of the synthesizer, using IEEE Std. 488-1978 mnemonics (HP-IB, GP-IB, IEEE-488, and IEC-625 are all electrically equivalent). Briefly, the mnemonics translate as follows:

SHlSource Handshake, complete capability.

AH1Acceptor Handshake, complete capability.

T6:Talker; capable of basic talker, serial poll, and unaddress if MLA.

TEOTalker, Extended address; no capability.

L4Listener, capable of basic listener, and unaddress if

MTA.

LEOListener, Extended address; no capability.

SRlService Request, complete capability.

RLlRemote Local, complete capability.

PPOParallel Poll, no capability.

DC1Device Clear, complete capability.

DTlDevice Trigger, complete capability.

CO, 1, 2, 3, 28 Controller capability options; CO, no capabilities;

* These codes are described completely in the IEEE Std 488-1978 document, published by The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Inc., 345 East 47th Street, New York, New York 11017.

SOURCE MODULE INTERFACE sends and receives digital and analog signals to and from an HP 83550-Series millimeter-wave source module. With the source module connected, the synthesizer assumes the characteristics of the source module. Refer to Leveling Point Module for more information.

CONNECTORS

RF Output Connector The synthesizer is equipped with a precision 3.5 mm male connector (2.4 mm male connector on 40 GHz models). The output impedance, SWR and other electrical characteristics are listed in

???Specifications???. When making connections, carefully align the center conductor elements, then rotate the knurled barrel while the mating component remains still. Tighten until firm contact is made.

Take care when working with either of these connectors. If this connector is mechanically degraded in any way, high frequency losses occur. Refer to Application Note 326, Connector Cure, for more information.

(CONT)

Coupling Factor

Programming Codes SCPI: POWer:ALC:CFACtor <num>[dB]~MAXimum~MINimum Analyzer: NONE

See Also AALC

???Externally Leveling the Synthesizer??? in Chapter 1.

D

Dblr Amp Menu

Function Group POWER

Menu Map 5

Description This softkey accesses the doubler amp mode softkeys. These softkeys are applicable to instrument models with a doubler installed. The doubler has an integral amplifier whose operation is controlled by the instrument firmware. Its use depends on the frequency of operation and on the calibration constants set at the factory. The instrument defaults after preset to this automatic mode of operation which is

the specified operation. Softkeys in this menu will allow you to turn the doubler amplifier always on or always off. These two modes are unspecified operation for instruments with a doubler installed. These softkeys have no effect on instruments without a doubler.

See Also Softkeys listed above.

Deep AM

Function Group MODULATION

Menu Map 4

Description This softkey activates distortion reduction mode for deep AM operation. Deep AM automatically switches to the ALC off leveling mode when the modulation level drives the ???detector-logger??? (part of the RF components, see Figure A-l) below its detection range. The modulated waveform is DC coupled and ALC leveled above -13 dBm. Below -13 dBm the waveform is DC controllable but not ALC leveled, and is subject to drift of typically 4~0.25 dB/s. This value

is reduced by a factor of 10 if the low ALC bandwidth feature is selected. An asterisk next to the key label indicates that this feature is active.

Programming Codes SCPI:

AM:MODE DEEP

AM:STATe ON]OFF]lJO

Analyzer: NONE

See Also (ALC], AM !3nlOff ) m

???Optimizing Synthesizer Performance??? in Chapter 1.

Delay Menu

Function Group (MOD)

Menu Map 4

Description This softkey (Option 002 only) accesses the pulse delay softkeys. These softkeys let you delay the internally generated pulsed output from either the PULSE SYNC OUT signal or from the external pulse signal at the PULSE input.

Delete Menu

Function Group FREQUENCY, POWER

Menu Map 2,5

Description In the menu structure there are two occurrences of this softkey. It leads to the delete choices for both the frequency list menu and the power flatness menu.

Programming Codes SCPI: NONE, see Fltness Menu or List Menu

Analyzer: NONE

See Also Fitness Menu, List Menu

???Optimizing Synthesizer Performance??? in Chapter 1.

Delete All

Function Group FREQUENCY, POWER

Menu Map ???4 5

Delete All

Description In the menu structure there are two occurrences of this softkey. One occurs in the frequency list menu. The other occurs in the power flatness menu.

In the both applications, this softkey lets you delete all entries in the array with one keystroke.

Programming Codes SCPI: NONE, see Fltness Menu or List Menu

Analyzer: NONE

See Also Fitness Menu, List Menu

???Optimizing Synthesizer Performance??? in Chapter 1.

Delete Current

Function Group FREQUENCY, POWER

Menu Map 2,s

Description In the menu structure there are two occurrences of this softkey. One occurs in the frequency list menu. The other occurs in the power flatness menu.

In the list menu application, the frequency entry and the associated offset and dwell values in the active line are deleted. The active line is designated by the --> pointer and can be pointing at any of values within the array.

In the flatness menu application, the frequency and associated correction value in the active line is deleted. The active line pointer --> can be pointing to either the frequency value or the correction value.

Programming Codes SCPI: NONE, see Fltness Menu or List Menu

Analyzer: NONE

See Also Fitness M e n u , List Menu

Delta Marker

See Also Fitness Menu

Delta Marker

Function Group MARKER

Menu Map 3

Description This softkey causes the difference in frequency between two markers to appear on the synthesizer display. The frequency difference is indicated in the following format: --> DELTA MARKER Im - nl XXXXX MHz. Where m= the last marker activated, n= the reference marker, and XXXXX represents some frequency value. On a CRT display, the trace between the two selected markers is intensified. An asterisk next to the key label indicates that this feature is active.

At preset (factory), the synthesizer is set to measure the difference between M2 and Ml (marker reference). If markers have not

been activated after preset, selecting Delta Marker indicates the difference between M2 and Ml. Both of these markers have an asterisk next to their key label, indicating that they are on.

Whenever Delta Marker is selected, it reactivates the last marker selected and makes that marker the ???m??? frequency. If the delta marker feature is active, selecting a marker causes the ???m??? frequency to change to the marker selected. If a frequency entry is made when delta marker is in the active entry area, the frequency value of the ???m??? frequency is changed to the new frequency entry causing the new difference in frequency to be displayed. Negative frequency differences are possible if ???n??? is greater than ???m???.

Delta Marker

Programming Codes SCPI: MARKer[n]:DELTa? <num>, <num> Analyzer: MD1 function on, MD0 function off

See Also [w)

???Marker Operation??? in Chapter 1.

???Programming Typical Measurements??? in Chapter 1.

Delta Mkr Ref

Disp Status

Function Group SYSTEM

Menu Map k

Disp Status

Description This softkey causes the status of various features to be displayed.

For example, this is what the synthesizer displays as its status after a factory preset:

FM=Off UsrCorr=Off SwpMode=Swept

Altn=Off SwpTrig=Auto AutoCal=None

This key is useful when checking the current operation state of the synthesizer. The following is a listing of the various mnemonics used to indicate status.

Table D-l. Mnemonics used to Indicate Status

Doubler Amp Mode Off

Programming Codes SCPI:

POWer:AMPLifier:STATE:AUTO ONlOFF[Oll

POWer:AMPLifier:STATE:AUTO?

Analyzer: NONE

See Also Dblr hp Menu

Doubler Amp Mode Off

Programming Codes SCPI:

POWer:AMPLifier:STATE ON(OFF(O(1

POWer:AMPLifier:STATE?

Analyzer: NONE

See Also Dblr hnp Menu

Dwell Coupled

Function Group FREQUENCY

Menu Map 2

Description This softkey lets you couple the dwell time for points in the stepped frequency sweep mode to the ramp sweep mode sweep time. The equation to determine the dwell time in the dwell coupled mode is as follows:

Coupled Dwell Time = (sweep time) + (number of step points)

An asterisk next to the key label indicates that this feature is active.

E

Enter Corr

Enter Corr

Programming Codes SCPI: NONE, see Fitness Menu

Analyzer: NONE

See Also Fltneas Menu

???Optimizing Synthesizer Performance??? in Chapter 1.

Enter Freq

Function Group POWER

Menu Map 5

Description This softkey lets you enter a frequency point into the flatness correction array. When the Power Fitness Menu is selected,

Enter Freq is automatically activated. Frequency points must be entered before correction values can be accepted into the array. Frequency points can be entered in any order, and the synthesizer automatically reorders them beginning with the lowest frequency. One frequency-correction pair is the minimum and 801 is the maximum number of points that can be entered. An asterisk next to the key label indicates that this feature is active.

Programming Codes SCPI:NONE, see Fltness Menu

Analyzer:NONE

See Also Fltness Menu

???Optimizing Synthesizer Performance??? in Chapter 1.

Enter List Dwell

Function Group FREQUENCY

Menu Map 2

Enter List Freq

Function Group FREQUENCY

Menu Map 2

Description This softkey lets you enter a frequency point into the frequency list array. The frequency list may contain as few as one and as many as 801 points. The order frequencies are entered is the order they are listed. Additions to an existing list are placed as indicated by the active entry arrow. The rotary knob and the up/down arrow keys let you scroll through the frequencies points. An asterisk next to the key label indicates that this feature is active.

Programming Codes SCPI: NONE, see List Menu

Analyzer:NONE

See Also List Menu

???Optimizing Synthesizer Performance??? in Chapter 1.

Enter List Offset

Function Group FREQUENCY

Menu Map 2

Description This softkey lets you enter an offset value for a frequency in the frequency list. A frequency point must be entered before a power value can be accepted, otherwise the following error message appears:.

ERROR: Must first enter aList Frequency. The rotary knob and the up/down arrow keys let you scroll through the frequency points available to change the default power values. An asterisk next to the key label indicates that this feature is active.

Programming Codes SCPI: NONE, see List Menu

Analyzer:NONE

See Also List Menu

???Optimizing Synthesizer Performance??? in Chapter 1.

ENTRY KEYS

See Also ARROW KEYS, ROTARY KNOB ???Entry Area??? in Chapter 1.

???Getting Started Programming??? in Chapter 1.

Ext Det Cal

Ext Det Cal

Function Group USER CAL

Menu Map 9

Description This softkey enables the synthesizer to act as a controller to an HP 437B power meter. This softkey causes an immediate execute on the interface bus and generates an HP-IB error if no power meter is present on the interface bus or if the synthesizer is unable to address the power meter. Use external detector calibration to characterize and compensate for an external negative diode detector used in an external leveling configuration.

Programming Codes SCPI:

CALibration:PMETer:DETector:INITiate? DIODe

CALibration:PMETer:DETector:NEXT? <num>[lvl suffix]

Analyzer:NONE

See Also

???Optimizing Synthesizer Performance??? in Chapter 1.

Fault Menu

Function Group SERVICE

Menu Map 6

Description This softkey accesses the fault information softkeys. Use this softkey if a fault is indicated on the message line.

Fault Info 1 Indicates the latched status of PEAK, TRACK,

RAMP, SPAN, V/GHZ, and ADC.

Clear Fault Clears all latched fault status messages.

Programming Codes SCPI: DIAGnostics:OUTput:FAULts

This command produces a string of ones and zeroes (16 bits) separated by commas to indicate the latched status of the different

Analyzer: NONE

See Also Softkeys listed above.

Function Group SERVICE

Menu Map 6

Description This softkey displays the latched status of the following fault messages.

PEAK FAIL Indicates that the peak algorithm is unable to align the YTM passband to the frequency of the YO. This fault indication is possible only if a peaking or autotrack routine has been initiated.

TRACK FAIL Indicates that the autotrack algorithm is unable to calculate the calibration constants needed to track the YTM passband to the frequency of the YO.

This fault indication is possible only if an autotrack routine has been initiated.

RAMP FAIL Indicates that the ramp algorithm is unable to adjust the sweep ramp voltage to lO.OOV at the end of

the sweep. Initiate a full self-test to gather more information if this fault is indicated.

SPAN FAIL Indicates that the span algorithm is unable to adjust the YO to achieve the correct frequency at the end of a band. This fault indication is possible only if a sweep span routine has been initiated.

V/GHZ FAIL Indicates that the internal YO V/GHz line adjusted at power-on or at preset is unable to calibrate. Initiate a full self-test to gather more information if this fault is indicated.

ADC FAIL Indicates that the ADC (analog-to-digital converter) is not responding to a measurement request within the time-out period. The ADC is used extensively in the operations of the synthesizer. Initiate a full self-test to gather more information if this fault is indicated.

Fault Info 2

Programming Codes SCPI:See Fault Menu.

Analyzer: NONE

See Also Fault Menu

Fault Info 2

Function Group SERVICE

Menu Map 6

Description This softkey displays the latched status of the following fault messages.

EEROM FAIL Indicates that the EEROM (electrically erasable read only memory) has failed to store data properly. Whenever any data is stored in EEROM, the integrity of the data is checked (read back and compared to the data in RAM). The EEROM is the main storage location for calibration data. If this fault is indicated the present calibration data may be lost.

Fault Info 2

Programming Codes SCPI: NONE

Analyzer: NONE

See Also Fault Menu

Fault Info 3

Function Group SERVICE

Menu Map 6

Description This softkey displays the latched status of the following fault messages.

Programming Codes SCPI: NONE

Analyzer: NONE

See Also Fault Menu

Fltness lbnu

Function Group POWER

Menu Map 5

Description This softkey reveals the softkeys in the flatness correction menu that control user-defined leveling parameters.

The softkeys in this menu help front panel users enter and edit flatness correction parameters. These editing softkeys are not

Fitness Menu

accessible over HP-IB. To load correction arrays over HP-IB, the correction arrays must be created in the controlling program and then downloaded to the synthesizer. The corresponding SCPI array creation and control commands are given after the description of this feature.

The HP 8360 Series Synthesized Sweepers provide extremely flat power to a test port, for testing power sensitive devices such as amplifiers, mixers, diodes or detectors. The user flatness correction feature of the synthesizer compensates for attenuation and power variations created by components between the source and the test device.

User flatness correction allows the digital correction of up to 801 frequency points (1601 points via HP-IB), in any frequency or sweep mode (i.e. start/stop, CW, power sweep etc.). Using a power meter to calibrate the measurement system as shown in Figure F-l, a table of power level corrections is created for the frequencies where power level variations or losses occur (see Figure F-2). These frequencies may be sequential linear steps or arbitrarily spaced. To allow for the correction of multiple test setups or frequency ranges, you may save as many as eight different measurement setups (including correction tables) in the internal storage registers of the synthesizer.

- - - - - - - - ----B-B

OEVICE

%!D;sETR

Figure F-l. Basic User Flatness Configuration Using an HP 4378 Power Meter

Pltness Menu

Figure F-2. User Flatness Correction Table as Displayed by the Synthesizer

Fitness Menu

Theory of operation

The unparalleled leveled output power accuracy and flatness of the HP 8360 series synthesizer. This is achieved by using a new digital (versus analog) design to control the internal automatic leveling circuitry (ALC).

An internal detector samples the output power to provide a dc feedback voltage. This voltage is compared to a reference voltage which is proportional to the power level chosen by the user. When there is a discrepancy between voltages, the power is increased

or decreased until the desired output level is achieved. For comprehensive theory on the ALC system, refer to the [ALC) entry in the ???A??? section of this manual.

The factory-generated internal calibration data of the synthesizer is digitally segmented into 1601 data points across the start/stop

frequency span chosen. Subsequently, these points are converted into 1601 reference voltages for the ALC system. The digital ALC control scheme not only delivers excellent power accuracy and flatness at

the output port of the synthesizer, but also provides the means to execute the user flatness correction feature.

Generally, a power meter is required to create a table of correction data that produces flat power at the test port. You may measure and enter correction data for up to 801 points. The correction data contained in the table is linearly interpolated to produce a

1601-point data array across the start/stop frequency span set on the synthesizer. The 1601-point data array is summed with the internal calibration data of the synthesizer (Figure F-3). When user flatness correction is enabled, the sum of the two arrays produces the 1601 reference voltages for the ALC system.

1601 Equodistont

Point ArrayCorPoir

Accessible Only

From a Computer

User Flatness Correction Array

1601 Points

far ALC

1601 Points of Internal

Calibration Data

Figure F-3. The Sources of ALC Calibration Correction Data

Fitness Henu

If the correction frequency span is only a subset of the start/stop frequency span set on the source, no corrections are applied to the portion of the sweep that is outside the correction frequency span. The following example illustrates how the data is distributed within the user flatness correction array.

Assume that the synthesizer is set to sweep from 2 to 18 GHz, but you only enter user flatness correction data from 14 to 18 GHz. Linear interpolation occurs between the correction entries to provide the 401 points required for the 14 to 18 GHz portion of the array. No corrections are applied to the 2 to 13.99 GHz portion of the array. Refer to Figure F-4.

FW Coupling 1OOkHz

See Also (ALC, [FLTNESS ON/OFF), List Menu

???Optimizing Synthesizer Performance??? in Chapter 1.

???Programming Typical Measurements??? in Chapter 1.

[FLTNESS ON/OFF]

Programming Codes SCPI: CORRection[:STATe] ON]OFF]l]O

Analyzer: NONE

See Also IALC), Fitness Menu

???Optimizing Synthesizer Performance??? in Chapter 1.

FM Coupling IOOkHz

Programming Codes SCPI: FM:FILTer:HPASs <num>[freq suffix](MAXimumJMINimum <num> sets the AC bandwidth to 100 kHz for any value > 1 kHz and sets the AC bandwidth to 20 Hz for any value 5 1 kHz.

Analyzer: NONE

See Also [MOD], also see ???FM??? and ???Modulation???.

FM Coupling DC

Function Group (MOD)

Menu Map 4

Description This softkey (Option 002 only) lets you set the FM input to be DC-coupled. Use DC coupling for modulation rates below 100 kHz. In this mode, the phase-locked loop is de-activated. This means that the synthesizer is operating as an open loop sweeper. The synthesizer will not be phase locked, and therefore, be aware that the phase noise and CW frequency accuracy specifications do not apply.

An asterisk next to the key label indicates that DC FM coupling is selected. The factory preset default is AC coupling.

For synthesizers zuithout Option 002, see FM On/Off DC.

Programming Codes SCPI: FM:FILTer:HPASs <num>[freq suffix]]MAXimum]MINimum

Analyzer: NONE

See Also m), also see ???FM??? and ???Modulation???.

FM Menu

Function Group (MOD)

Menu Map 4

Description This softkey (Option 002 only) accesses the frequency modulation softkeys. These softkeys engage external and internal frequency

modulation. They allow you to define the coupling, waveform, rate, and deviation of the internal FM.

Programming Codes SCPI: NONE, see the individual softkeys listed.

Analyzer: NONE

See Also (MOD), also see ???FM??? and ???Modulation???.

FM On/Off AC

FM On/Off DC

Function Group MODULATION

Menu Map 4

Description This softkey lets you select DC coupled frequency modulation (FM) and makes FM deviation frequency the active function.

FM sensitivity is selectable. Use the rotary knob, up/down, or numeric entry keys to choose, 100 kHz, 1.00 MHz/V or 10.0 MHz/V. Frequency deviation is dependent on the magnitude of the input signal. When DC FM is chosen the synthesizer displays DC FM on the message line. An asterisk next to the key label indicates that this feature is active.

FM On/Off Int

Function Group IhnoD]

Menu Map 4

Description This softkey (Option 002 only) activates the internal frequency modulation mode. No external source is needed.

When internal FM is in effect, the parameters are controlled by the following soft keys: Internal FM Rate Internal FM Deviation

FM Coupling IOOkHz FM Coupling DC Waveform Menu. The synthesizer is factory preset to a 1 MHz rate, 1 MHz deviation, and sine wave parameters.

An asterisk next to the key label indicates that internal FM is active and FM is displayed on the message line.

Programming Codes SCPI:

FM:SOURce INTernal

FM:STATe ONIOFF

Analyzer: NONE

See Also (MOD_), also see ???FM??? and ???Modulation???.

Freq Cal Menu

Function Group USER CAL

Menu Map 9

Description This softkey accesses the sweep span calibration menu.

Swp Span Cal Always Performs a sweep span calibration each time the frequency span is changed.

Swp Span Cal Once Performs a sweep span calibration.

Programming Codes SCPI: NONE, see Fltness Menu

Analyzer: NONE

See Also Fltness Menu

???Optimizing Synthesizer Performance??? in Chapter 1.

FREQUENCY M E N U

Function Group FREQUENCY

Menu Map 2

Description This hardkey allows access to the frequency functions listed below.

See Also Softkeys listed above.

???Optimizing Synthesizer Performance??? in Chapter 1.

Freq Mult

Function Group FREQUENCY

Menu Map 2

Description This softkey lets you set a frequency multiplier value and applies it to all frequency parameters. Any integer value between and including f36 is accepted. Changing the multiplier value changes the display,

it does not affect the output of the synthesizer.

For example:

1.Set the start frequency to 4 GHz.

2.Set the stop frequency to 10 GHz.

3.Set the frequency multiplier to 5.

Note that the display indicates start=20 GHz, stop=50 GHz and asterisks appear next to the frequency data.

4.Now set the stop frequency to 30 GHz. The synthesizer frequency is 6 GHz, or 30 GHz + 5.

Frequency multiplier and offset are related as shown by the following equation:

Entered value or Displayed Frequency = (Frequency Generated x Multiplier) + Offset value

Programming Codes SCPI:

FREQuency:OFFSet <num>IMAXimumIMINimum

FREQuency:OFFSet:STATe ONlOFFlllO

Analyzer: SHFB <n>[HzlKzlMz(Gzl]

See Also FREQUENCY (MENU), Freq Mult

Programming Codes SCPI:

See the individual types of calibration.

Analyzer: NONE

See Also AM BW Cal Always, AM BW Cal Once, Auto Track,

Peak RF Always, Peak RF Once, Swp Span Cal Always,

Swp Span Cal Once

H

HP-13 lenu

See Also CONNECTORS, HP-IB

???Getting Started Programming???

I

Programming Codes SCPI:

AM[:DEPTH] < num>[PCT]]MAXimum]MINinum]<num>DB

UNIT:AM DB]PCT

Analyzer: NONE

See Also (MOD), also see ???AM??? and ???Modulation???.

Programming Codes SCPI: AM:INTernal:FREQ uency <num>[<freq suffix>] 1 MAXimum I MINimum

Analyzer: NONE

See Also (MOD_), also see ???AM??? and ???Modulation???.

Internal AM Waveform Noise

Programming Codes SCPI: AM:INTernal:FUNCtion NOISe

Analyzer: NONE

See Also (MOD_), also see ???AM??? and ???Modulation???.

Internal AM Waveform Sine

Internal AM Waveform Ramp

Function Group IhnoD]

Menu Map 4

Description This softkey (Option 002 only) lets you set the AM waveform to ramp for internally-generated AM. An asterisk next to the key label indicates that this feature is active. The factory preset default is sine wave.

Programming Codes SCPI: AM:INTernal:FUNCtion RAMP

Analyzer: NONE

See Also (MOD_), also see ???AM??? and ???Modulation???.

Internal AM Waveform Sine

Programming Codes SCPI: AM:INTernal:FUNCtion SINusoid

Analyzer: NONE

See Also (MOD), also see ???AM??? and ???Modulation???.

Internal AM Waveform Square

Programming Codes SCPI: AM:INTernal:FUNCtion SQUare

Analyzer: NONE

See Also (MOq), also see ???AM??? and ???Modulation???.

Analyzer: NONE

See Also m), also see ???AM??? and ???Modulation???.

Internal FM Rate

Internal FM Deviation

Programming Codes SCPI: FM[:DEViation] <num>[freq suffix]]MAXimum(MINimum

Analyzer: NONE

See Also (MOD_), also see ???AM??? and ???Modulation???.

Programming Codes SCPI: FM:INTernal:FREQuency <num>[freq suffix]]MAXimum]MINimum

Analyzer: NONE

See Also (MODI, also see ???FM??? and ???Modulation???.

Internal FM Waveform Square

Internal FM Waveform Sine

Programming Codes SCPI: FM:INTernal:FUNCtion SINusoid

Analyzer: NONE

See Also (MOD_), also see ???FM??? and ???Modulation???.

Internal FM Waveform Square

Programming Codes SCPI: FM:INTernal:FUNCtion SQUare

Analyzer: NONE

See Also m, also see ???FM??? and ???Modulation???.

Internal Pulse Generator Period

Internal Pulse Mode Gate

Turns on the internal pulse mode during the positive cycle of the externally generated pulse.

Internal Pulse Mode Trigger

Triggers on the leading edge of the external pulse input.

Programming Codes SCPI: NONE, see the individual softkeys listed.

Analyzer: NONE

See Also 0,MOD a 1 so see ???Modulation??? and ???Pulse???.

Internal Pulse Generator Period

Function Group INIOD)

Menu Map 4

Description This softkey (Option 002 only) lets you set a value for the internal pulse generator???s pulse period. The pulse is adjustable from

300 ns to 400 ms with ???25 ns resolution. The factory preset default is 2 ms pulse period. When this feature is active, its current value is displayed in the active entry area.

Since period and rate are inversely related, if both are given values, only the last one will be applied which will cause the first one to be recalculated. Use the one that is convenient for your application. For example, if you set the pulse period, do not change the pulse rate (the synthesizer automatically adjusts the rate to match the period.)

Programming Codes SCPI: PULS:INTernal:PERiod <num>[time suffix]lMAXimum(MINimum

Analyzer: NONE

See Also 0,MOD a 1 so see ???Pulse??? and ???Modulation???.

Internal Pulse Generator Rate

Function Group IMOD)

Menu Map 4

Description This softkey (Option 002 only) lets you set a value for the internal pulse generator???s pulse rate. The range of acceptable values is from 2.5 Hz to 3.33 MHz. (These values are obtained by taking the inverse of the period.) The factory preset default is 500 Hz. When this feature is active, its current value is displayed in the active entry area.

Since rate and period are inversely related, if both are given values, only the last one will be applied which will cause the first one to be recalculated. Use the one that is convenient for your application. For example, if you set the pulse rate, do not change the pulse period (the synthesizer automatically adjusts the period to match the rate.)

Programming Codes SCPI: PULM:INTernal:FREQuency <num>[freq suffix]JMAXimum~MINimum

Analyzer: NONE

See Also 0,MOD a 1 so see ???Pulse??? and ???Modulation???.

Internal Pulse Generator Width

Function Group IlvloD]

Menu Map 4

Description This softkey (Option 002 only) lets you set a value for the internal pulse generator???s pulse width. The pulse is adjustable from 25 ns to 400 ms with 25 ns resolution. The factory preset default is 1 ms pulse width. If you set a value for the pulse width that is greater than the pulse period, the pulse period is recalculated to a value equal to the pulse width plus 25 ns. When this feature is active, its current value is displayed in the active entry area.

Internal Pulse Mode Gate

Programming Codes SCPI: PULM:INTernal:WIDTh <num>[time suffix]]MAXimum]MINimum

Analyzer: NONE

See Also 0,MOD a 1 so see ???Pulse??? and ???Modulation???,

Internal Pulse Mode Auto

Function Group (MOD)

Menu Map 4

Description This softkey (Option 002 only) is the default mode of generating internal pulses. It is not synchronized to any trigger signal. An asterisk next to the key label indicated that this mode is selected.

Programming Codes SCPI: PULM:INTernal:TRIGger:SOURce INTernal

Analyzer: NONE

See Also 0,MOD a 1 so see ???Pulse??? and ???Modulation???.

Internal Pulse Mode Gate

Function Group (MOq)

Menu Map 4

Description This softkey (Option 002 only) logically ???ANDs??? the internal pulse generator with a gating signal supplied from an external source.

Programming Codes SCPI:

PULM:INTernal:GATE ON(OFF(l]O

PULM:INTernal:TRIGger:SOURce INTernal

Analyzer: NONE

See Also (MOD), also see ???Pulse??? and ???Modulation???.

Internal Pulse Mode Trigger

Function Group (MOD)

Menu Map 4

Description This softkey (Option 002 only) lets you set the internal pulse generator to trigger on the leading edge of the externally generated pulse.

Programming Codes SCPI: PULM:INTernal:TRIGger:SOURce EXTernal

Analyzer: NONE

See Also (MOD_), also see ???Pulse??? and ???Modulation???.

Invert Input

Function Group (MOD)

Menu Map 4

Description This softkey (Option 002 only) inverts the logic of the external pulse input. With this function active, +5 V turns off RF power.

Programming Codes SCPI: PULM:EXTernal:POLarity INVerted

Analyzer: NONE

See Also m, also see ???Pulse??? and ???Modulation???.

Leveling Mode

ALCof f

Function Group ALC

Menu Map 1

Description This softkey lets you open the ALC loop. Direct and separate control of the linear modulator circuit (LVL DAC) and attenuator (ATN)

is possible (see Figure A-l). The power level must be set using an external indicator (power meter/sensor). If the power level is set when the synthesizer is in CW mode and then pulse modulation is activated, the peak pulse level equals the CW level. The attenuator value is set via the Set atten softkey in the POWER menu.

An asterisk next to the key label indicates that this feature is active.

Programming Codes SCPI:

POWer:ALC:STATe OFF10

POWer:ATTenuation:AUTO OFF10

Analyzer: SHA3

See Also (ALC_), 0,MOD Pulse On/Off External, Set Atten

???Working with Mixers,??? in Chapter 1.

See Also