Apple_Laptop

K Apple Computer, Inc.

This manual and the software described in it are copyrighted, with all rights reserved. Under the copyright laws, this manual or the software may not be copied, in whole or part, without written consent of Apple, except in the normal use of the software or to make a backup copy of the software. The same proprietary and copyright notices must be affixed to any permitted copies as were affixed to the original. This exception does not allow copies to be made for others, whether or not sold, but all of the material pur- chased (with all backup copies) may be sold, given, or loaned to another person. Under the law, copying includes translating into another language or format.

You may use the software on any computer owned by you, but extra copies cannot be made for this purpose.

The Apple logo is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. Use of the ???keyboard??? Apple logo (Option-Shift-K) for commercial purposes without the prior written consent of Apple may constitute trademark infringement and unfair competition in violation of federal and state laws.

?? Apple Computer, Inc., 1992 20525 Mariani Avenue Cupertino, CA 95014-6299 (408) 996-1010

Apple, the Apple logo, APDA, AppleLink, AppleShare, AppleTalk, ImageWriter, LaserWriter, LocalTalk, Macintosh, ProDOS, and StyleWriter are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries.

Apple Desktop Bus, Balloon Help, Chicago, Finder, Disk First Aid, Monaco, PowerBook, System 7, and TrueType are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.

AppleCare is a service mark of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries.

Adobe, Adobe Illustrator, and PostScript are trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated, registered in the United States. Adobe Photoshop is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.

AGFA is a registered trademark of Agfa-Gevaert, AG.

Classic is a registered trademark licensed to Apple Computer, Inc.

Exposure is a registered trademark of Preferred Publishers, Inc.

Helvetica and Times are registered trademarks of Linotype Company.

ITC Garamond is a registered trademark of International Typeface Corporation.

MacWrite is a registered trademark of Claris Corporation.

MS-DOS is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.

QMS is a registered trademark and ColorScript is a trademark of QMS, Inc.

QuarkXPress is a registered trademark of Quark, Inc.

SelectSet is a trademark of Miles, Inc., Agfa Division.

SuperPaint is a registered trademark of Aldus Corporation.

Tektronix is a registered trademark and Phaser is a trademark of Tektronix, Inc.

Simultaneously published in the United States and Canada.

Mention of third-party products is for informational purposes only and constitutes nei- ther an endorsement nor a recommendation. Apple assumes no responsibility with regard to the performance or use of these products.

Preface

How to Use This Book

This book has several parts.

nChapter 1 explains how to set up your computer and learn how to use it.

nChapters 2???5 are a tutorial designed for people who have not used a Macintosh computer before. If you are new to the Macintosh, you should read this section of the book before you start your own work.

nChapters 6???14 contain reference information that will help you as you become more proficient with your computer. You can turn to these chapters for information about a particular topic.

nAt the back of the book you???ll find a troubleshooting section and an index.

Certain kinds of information are not included in this book.

nInformation about modems. If your computer has a built-in modem, or if you purchase one later, you receive a separate modem manual with instructions for its use.

nInformation about application programs. Your best source of information about a particular program is the set of books and disks that came with that program.

nTechnical specifications for your PowerBook model. These are on a separate sheet in the box with your computer.

Turn now to Chapter 1 to set up your new PowerBook computer.

Welcome to Macintosh.

xiii

Radio and television interference

The equipment described in this manual generates, uses, and can radiate radio- frequency energy. If it is not installed and used properly???that is, in strict accordance with Apple???s instructions???it may cause interference with radio and television reception.

This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device in accordance with the speci???cations in Part 15 of FCC rules. These specifications are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interference in a residential installation. However, there is no guarantee that the interference will not occur in a particular installation.

You can determine whether your computer system is causing interference by turning it off. If the interference stops, it was probably caused by the computer or one of the peripheral devices.

If your computer system does cause interference to radio or television reception, try to correct the interference by using one or more of the following measures:

nTurn the television or radio antenna until the interference stops.

nMove the computer to one side or the other of the television or radio.

nMove the computer farther away from the television or radio.

nPlug the computer into an outlet that is on a different circuit from the television or radio. (That is, make certain the computer and the television or radio are on circuits controlled by different circuit breakers or fuses.)

If necessary, consult your authorized Apple dealer or an experienced radio/television technician for additional suggestions. You may find helpful the following booklet, prepared by the Federal Communications Commission: Interference Handbook (stock number 004-000-00345-4). This booklet is available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.

SImportant: Changes or modifications to this product not authorized by Apple Computer, Inc., could void the FCC Certification and negate your authority to operate the product.

This product was tested for FCC compliance under conditions that included the use of shielded cables and connectors between system components. It is important that you use shielded cables and connectors to reduce the possibility of causing interference to radios, television sets, and other electronic devices. For Apple peripheral devices, you can obtain the proper shielded cables from your authorized Apple dealer. For non-Apple peripheral devices, contact the manufacturer or dealer for assistance. S

Important

This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device in accordance with the specifications in Part 15 of FCC rules. See instructions if interference to radio or television reception is suspected.

DOC Class B Compliance This digital apparatus does not exceed the Class B limits for radio noise emissions from digital apparatus set out in the radio interference regulations of the Canadian Department of Communications.

Observation des normes???Classe B Le pr??sent appareil num??rique n?????met pas de bruits radio??lectriques d??passant les limites applicables aux appareils num??riques de la Classe B prescrites dans les r??glements sur le brouillage radio??lectrique ??dict??s par le Minist??re des Communications du Canada.

Chapter 1

Setting Up Your

Macintosh PowerBook

In this chapter

mSetting up your computer

mInstalling system software

mLearning how to use your computer

mTurning the computer on and off

mImportant care and safety instructions

mBeing comfortable while you work

mNew Macintosh users: If you have never used a Macintosh computer before, read this entire chapter. It explains how to set up your computer, learn how to use it, and turn it on and off.

mNew PowerBook users: If you have used other Macintosh computers but are new to the PowerBook, follow the setup instructions that begin on the next page and then go to the section on turning the PowerBook on and off.

mExperienced PowerBook users: Skim this chapter for information that applies to your computer.

Important: No matter what your level of experience, please read the safety information in this chapter before beginning your own work. This information can help protect you and your computer equipment from possible harm.

Setting up the computer

Step 1: Plug in the power adapter

Plugging in the power adapter recharges the computer???s battery while you work. You should plug it in now in case the battery has drained during shipping and storage.

sWarning: Use only the power adapter that came with your PowerBook computer. Adapters for other electronic devices (including other portable computers) may look similar, but they may damage your computer. s

mPlug the power adapter into a standard electrical outlet or power strip. Then plug the power adapter cable into the power adapter port (marked with the icon ??) on the back panel of the computer.

Power adapter port

2 Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook

mIf you see a blinking question mark on your screen, you need to install system software on the computer???s hard disk. System software includes the programs the computer uses to start itself up. Continue with the section ???Installing System Software.???

mIf you see the Macintosh desktop on your screen, the computer is ready to use. You do not need to install system software. Continue with the section ???What to Do Next.???

Trouble?

mThe computer made a sound, but you can???t see anything on the screen.

Adjust the brightness control (marked with the icon ??) and the contrast control (O) until an image appears and the screen is easy to read.

Contrast control

Brightness control

mNothing happened when you pressed the power button.

Make sure the power adapter is firmly connected to both the computer and a power source. If the power adapter is plugged into a power strip, make sure the power strip is plugged in and turned on. Then try pressing the power button again.

Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook 5

Installing system software

System software is a set of programs that your computer uses to start up and operate. To install system software on your hard disk, follow these steps.

You do not need to install system software if you see the Macintosh desktop on your screen when you turn on the computer.

1.Find the Install disk provided with your computer. Insert the disk into the floppy disk drive (metal end first, label side up).

Insert metal end first.

After a few moments, you???ll see the Welcome box of the Installer, the program that installs system software on your hard disk.

2.Press the Return key on your keyboard to continue.

The Easy Install dialog box appears. Easy Install puts the system software that you???ll need right away onto your hard disk.

3.Press the Return key again to start installing system software.

Messages on your screen report how installation is progressing.

4.When the computer prompts you, remove the Install disk and insert the next disk the computer requests.

During installation, the computer automatically ejects a disk it has finished with and requests the next disk it needs.

5.Insert the remaining disks as the computer prompts you.

6.When you see a message reporting that installation was successful, press the Return key once more to quit the Installer program.

If you see a message saying that installation was not successful, you need to try again. Follow the instructions on the screen.

6 Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook

Continuing your work

Next you see a message that asks whether you want to continue using your Macintosh. To continue working or to learn how to use the computer, use the trackball to choose Restart.

1.Place the index and middle fingers of your dominant hand on the trackball and the thumb of the same hand on the lower trackball button. Don???t press either button yet.

2.Roll the trackball around with your fingers.

Notice that the arrow (8) on the screen moves in the direction that you roll the trackball. For example, rolling the trackball to the right moves the arrow to the right.

3.Roll the trackball so the arrow rests over the word Restart.

Make sure that the tip of the arrow is inside the box with the word Restart.

continues .

Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook 7

4.Press and release one of the trackball buttons.

Both buttons do the same thing.

The screen darkens, you hear a sound, and then after a moment the Macintosh desktop appears on the screen.

If nothing happens, try clicking the word Restart again. Make sure that the tip of the arrow is inside the box with the word Restart.

What to do next

mIf you have never used a Macintosh computer before, continue with the section ???Learning the Basics.???

mOtherwise, continue with the section ???Turning the PowerBook On and Off.??? This section contains information that can help you use your computer efficiently.

mBe sure to read the safety instructions and the section on health concerns before beginning to use your PowerBook.

8 Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook

Learning the basics

The PowerBook comes with a tour and a tutorial to help you start using your computer as quickly as possible.

mThe Macintosh Basics tour teaches the most basic skills you need to master before you can use your computer.

mThe tutorial section of this book (Chapters 2???5) reviews the basic skills taught in the tour, and teaches a few additional skills you???ll find helpful as you become more proficient.

Take the Macintosh Basics tour first.

Before you begin

Make sure your computer is turned on. If the screen is dark, try the following steps in order until you see the Macintosh desktop on your screen.

1.Adjust the screen brightness and contrast controls.

If you see the Macintosh desktop, skip to ???Finding the Tour.???

2.Press any key on the keyboard (except Caps Lock).

Pressing a key wakes the computer if it was in sleep (a power- conserving state described later in this chapter). If you see the Macintosh desktop, skip to ???Finding the Tour.???

3.Press the power button on the computer???s back panel.

Pressing the power button turns the computer on if it was off. Continue with ???Finding the Tour.???

10 Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook

Finding the tour

Your Macintosh Basics tour may be on a floppy disk, or it may be on the computer???s hard disk.

mIf the Macintosh desktop appeared on the screen when you first turned on your computer, then the system software and the Macintosh Basics tour were installed on your computer???s hard disk at the factory. Continue with the section ???Starting the Tour From the Hard Disk.???

mIf you needed to install system software when you set up your computer (as described in the previous section of this chapter), then the Macintosh Basics tour is on a floppy disk in the box with your computer. Locate the disk and continue with the section ???Starting the Tour From a Floppy Disk.???

Starting the tour from the hard disk

1.Roll the trackball to move the arrow over the picture labeled ???Macintosh HD.???

Make sure the tip of the arrow is over the picture, not over the words ???Macintosh HD.???

continues .

Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook 11

2.Being careful not to roll the trackball, press the trackball button twice in quick succession.

Now your screen should look like the picture following step 3. If it doesn???t, try steps 1 and 2 again, paying special attention to the following:

m Make sure the tip of the arrow is touching the picture, not the words beneath it.

m Be sure to press the trackball button twice.

m Try pressing twice more quickly and be careful not to roll the trackball while you press.

3.Roll the trackball to move the arrow over the picture of the folder labeled ???Macintosh Basics.???

Make sure the tip of the arrow is over the picture, not over the words ???Macintosh Basics.???

The items in the illustration below may not exactly match those on your screen. The only item you need right now is the Macintosh Basics folder.

12 Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook

6.Press the trackball button twice in quick succession.

Now your screen should look like the following picture:

If you don???t see this screen, try again, paying special attention to the following:

mMake sure the tip of the arrow is touching the picture, not the words beneath it.

mBe sure to press the trackball button twice.

mTry pressing twice more quickly and be careful not to roll the trackball while you press.

7.Follow the instructions on the screen and work through the tour.

When you finish the tour, continue with ???Turning the PowerBook On and Off ??? and read the rest of this chapter for information that can help you use your computer safely and efficiently. Then turn to Chapter 2 and begin the tutorial.

14 Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook

2.Roll the trackball to move the arrow over the picture of the man labeled ???Macintosh Basics.???

Make sure the tip of the arrow is over the picture of the man, not over the words ???Macintosh Basics.???

3.Press the trackball button twice in quick succession.

Now your screen should look like the following picture:

If you don???t see this screen, try again, paying special attention to the following:

mMake sure the tip of the arrow is touching the picture, not the words beneath it.

mBe sure to press the trackball button twice.

mTry pressing twice more quickly and be careful not to roll the trackball while you press.

4.Follow the instructions on the screen and work through the tour.

When you finish the tour, read the rest of this chapter for information that can help you use your computer safely and efficiently. Then turn to Chapter 2 and begin the tutorial.

16 Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook

Turning the PowerBook on and off

Your Macintosh PowerBook can be in one of three power states: off, sleep, or on.

Off

When the PowerBook is off, the computer is not using any power or doing any work. The terms shut down and off both refer to this state.

You should turn the computer off to

mattach other equipment to it

mreplace its battery

mconserve power when you won???t be using it for several hours

To turn the PowerBook off

mIf the computer is on, choose the Shut Down command from the Special menu. (The Macintosh Basics tour teaches how to choose a menu command.)

mIf the computer is in sleep, wake it by pressing any key on the keyboard (except Caps Lock), and then choose Shut Down.

Important: Don???t shut down with the power button on the back panel of the computer unless a problem prevents you from choosing Shut Down. You will lose any work you did not save, and you may experience problems with your hard disk.

Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook 17

Sleep

When the PowerBook is in sleep, it draws enough power to maintain the information in its memory (including any open programs and documents). The computer is on, but almost completely inactive.

You should put the computer to sleep to conserve power when you take a work break.

To put the PowerBook to sleep

mIf the computer is on, choose the Sleep command from the Special menu.

mIf the computer is off, you need to turn it on before you can put it to sleep.

Automatic sleep

If you don???t use the computer for several minutes, it goes to sleep automatically. This conserves battery power. You will notice that if you spend several minutes reading without using the computer, or if you take a break, the screen may be dark when you???re ready to resume working.

To wake the computer, press any key on the keyboard (except Caps Lock). The desktop reappears looking just the way it did before the computer went to sleep.

18 Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook

When you turn on your computer

When you turn on your PowerBook, the computer looks on the hard disk inside the computer for the system software it uses to start itself up. (A disk that contains the system software is called a startup disk.) When the computer finds the system software, it displays the icon shown and proceeds to start itself up.

When the startup process is complete, the Macintosh desktop appears on the screen. The desktop is a gray pattern with

ma menu bar across the top (containing the names and icons of menus)

man icon near the upper-right corner representing the startup disk

man icon near the lower-right corner representing the Trash

Menu bar

Startup disk icon

Trash icon

When you ???wake??? your computer from sleep, it does not go through the startup process because it is already on (at a reduced power level). The Macintosh desktop reappears on the screen immediately, looking just the way it did before the computer went to sleep.

20 Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook

Restarting a computer that???s already on

You need to restart your computer???turn it off and back on again immediately???when you want to make certain changes to your control panels, use a newly installed system software file, or start up the computer from a different disk.

m Choose Restart from the Special menu.

When you choose Restart, the computer prompts you to save your work, closes all open programs, and restarts itself.

Choosing Restart does not affect your RAM disk (if you created one) or its contents.

You also need to restart if you see a ???system error??? message on the screen (indicating a temporary software problem). In this case, use the trackball to click the Restart button that appears.

Restarting a computer that can???t be turned on normally

If your system crashes (a rare event resulting from temporary software problems), or if a computer with a properly installed and charged battery does not respond when you try to turn it on, you should be able to restart it using one of the methods described in this section. Try them in the order given. All these methods will cause you to lose any work you have not saved.

mPress and release the reset button.

You can press the button with a pen, a paper clip, or a similar object.

Restarting the computer with the reset button does not affect your RAM disk (if you created one) or its contents.

Interrupt button Reset button

continues .

Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook 21

mHold down the power button for 5 seconds.

When you let go, the computer turns itself off. Turning the computer off with the power button erases the contents of a RAM disk.

mRestart from a floppy disk.

1.Insert the Disk Tools disk into the floppy disk drive.

2.Press the power button.

If the computer turns on, there may be a problem with your hard disk. You may be able to fix the problem yourself (using the Disk First Aid program or another disk repair program; see the chapter on disks in the reference section). Or you can take the computer to your authorized Apple service provider.

22 Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook

s Caution

mIf you have a problem with your computer and nothing presented in the manuals that came with the computer solves the problem, take the computer to your authorized Apple dealer or service provider. Attempting to repair the computer yourself may void the limited warranty. Contact your authorized Apple dealer or service provider for additional information about this or any other warranty question.

mDo not attempt to open the computer???s case. There are no user-serviceable parts inside. Take the computer to an authorized Apple service provider if necessary.

mDo not drop or jar the computer.

mDo not move the computer when you can hear its hard disk spinning. When you put the computer to sleep, wait until the screen is blank before moving the computer.

mUse only the power adapter supplied with your computer. Adapters designed for other electronic devices may look similar, but they may not work with your equipment and may damage the computer.

mNever force a connector into a port. Make sure that the connector matches the port and that it???s right side up. If the connector and port do not join easily, they do not match.

24 Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook

Health concerns associated with computer use

Muscle soreness, eye fatigue, and other discomforts and injuries sometimes associated with computer use can result from performing any number of activities. Misuse of the same muscles during multiple activities can create a problem that might not otherwise exist. For example, if you engage in nonwork activities that involve repetitive stress on the wrist???such as bicycling???and also use your computer???s keyboard improperly, you may increase your likelihood of developing wrist problems. Preventing health problems requires careful attention to the way you use your body at all times.

The most common health effects associated with using a computer are musculoskeletal discomfort and eye fatigue. Any activity that involves sitting for long periods of time, including using a computer, can make your muscles sore and stiff.

To prevent discomfort and fatigue:

mArrange your work space so the furniture is properly adjusted for you and doesn???t contribute to an awkward, inappropriate working posture.

mTake frequent short breaks to give your muscles and eyes a chance to rest and refresh.

Repetitive stress injuries

Repetitive stress injuries (RSIs) can occur when a certain muscle or tendon is repeatedly overused and forced into an unnatural position. The exact causes of RSIs are not understood, but it is thought that awkward posture, the amount of repetition, the force used in the activity, and your physiology and lifestyle may all contribute to their occurrence.

One RSI often discussed in connection with computer use is a wrist problem called carpal tunnel syndrome, which may be aggravated by improper use of computer keyboards. This nerve disorder results from excessive pressure on the median nerve as it passes through the wrist to the hand. The information on the next few pages can help you recognize hand positions that may cause discomfort.

Since the effects of repetitive movement associated with computer use can be compounded by those of other work and leisure activities to produce or aggravate physical problems, proper use of your computer system must be considered just one element of a healthy lifestyle. No one can guarantee that you won???t have problems even when you follow the most expert advice on using computer equipment. You should always check with a qualified health specialist if muscle, joint, or eye problems occur.

26 Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook

Arranging your work space and equipment

The suggestions in this section can help you work more comfortably with your computer.

Chair

Whenever possible, use an adjustable chair that provides firm, comfortable support.

mAdjust the height of the chair so your thighs are horizontal, your feet flat on the floor, and the backs of your knees slightly higher than the seat of your chair.

mThe chair should support your lower back. Follow the manufacturer???s instructions for adjusting the backrest.

Keyboard and trackball

mWhen you use the keyboard and trackball, your shoulders should be relaxed. Your upper arm and forearm should form a right angle, with your wrist and hand in roughly a straight line.

mUse a soft touch on the keyboard and keep your hands and fingers relaxed. Avoid rolling your thumbs under your palms.

m Change hand positions often to avoid fatigue.

Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook 27

mIf you prefer, you can adjust the angle of the keyboard by rotating the elevation feet at both ends of the back panel until they snap into position.

The back of the keyboard is slightly elevated when the feet are in use. Otherwise, the keyboard is level.

Mouse

If you use a mouse, position it at the same height as your keyboard. When you slide the mouse, move your entire arm. Avoid resting your arm on the desk and bending your wrist as you move the mouse.

Built-in display

mAdjust the angle of the display to minimize glare and reflections from lights and windows. Make sure there is enough light to read the screen easily.

mYou may need to adjust the brightness and contrast of the screen when you take the computer from one work location to another, or if the lighting in your work area changes.

Contrast control

Brightness control

mClean the screen regularly (see ???Important Care and Safety Instructions???).

28 Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Macintosh PowerBook

Chapter 2

Working on the Desktop

In this chapter

Review basic trackball skills:

mMoving the pointer

mChoosing a command

mOpening an icon

mLooking at the contents of a window And learn:

mHow to close a window

mHow to move a window

mWhat the icons on your desktop represent

Before you begin

You should have already

mset up your computer according to the instructions in Chapter 1

mgone through the Macintosh Basics tour supplied with your computer

Make sure your computer is on.

Use the trackball

Your computer has a two-button trackball. You use the ball itself to control the movements of a pointer on the screen. The pointer you???ll see most often is an arrow (8).

You use the buttons to initiate actions that you want the computer to perform. Both trackball buttons do the same thing. You can always use whichever one you prefer.

Much of the work you do on the Macintosh uses four trackball actions: pointing, clicking, pressing, and dragging.

(If you want to return to the Macintosh Basics tour for more practice with the trackball, see Chapter 1 for instructions.)

Point

You point to an object on the screen by rolling the trackball so the pointer is positioned over that object. When the pointer is an arrow, the tip of the arrow must be exactly over the object.

Practice pointing to different objects on the Macintosh desktop, such as the startup hard disk icon near the upper-right corner, the Trash icon near the lower-right corner, and the Help menu icon near the right end of the menu bar.

32 Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop

Choose a command

Choosing a command involves using a combination of the trackball actions you???ve reviewed.

1.Point to the Special menu title in the menu bar.

2.Press to pull down the Special menu.

3.Drag to the first item in the menu (the Clean Up Desktop command) so it becomes highlighted, and then release the trackball button.

When you choose Clean Up Desktop, the hard disk icon and the Trash return to their original positions (as long as they???re already close).

Giving orders to your computer

Telling the Macintosh to do something involves two steps:

1.selecting an object on the screen, and

2.choosing the action you want to perform on that object.

When you select an object, you???re telling the Macintosh to act upon that object.

The objects you can select include an icon on the Macintosh desktop, a sentence in a word-processing program, and a picture in a graphics program???to give just three examples.

Most of the actions you can perform on the selected object are listed in the menus at the top of the screen. The items, or actions, in the menus are called commands. When you choose a command, you are telling the computer to take the action you???ve chosen on the selected object.

So???you tell your Macintosh what to do by using a very simple ???language??? with only two kinds of words:

nnouns (the objects), and

nverbs (the actions)

and with only one rule:

nFirst the noun, then the verb (to this object, do that action). In Macintosh terms: select an object, then choose a command.

36 Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop

Open an icon

Opening an icon is your first exercise in telling the computer what you want it to do.

1.Click the startup hard disk icon to select it.

The icon is in the upper-right corner of the screen. Unless someone has changed its name, the icon is called ???Macintosh HD.??? Make sure that the icon is highlighted (darkened), which means that it???s selected.

2.Point to the File menu title in the menu bar.

3.Press to pull down the File menu.

4.Drag to the Open command (the second item in the File menu) so it becomes highlighted, and then release the trackball button.

When you choose the Open command, the selected icon opens into a window (in this case, the Macintosh HD window). The icon becomes filled in with a pattern

of dots, indicating that it has been opened.

vDifferent icons? The Macintosh HD window on your screen may contain items not shown above. The differences are not important; you can still do the exercises in this chapter and the next. v

Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop 37

Look at the contents of a window

Every window has several features that help you view the window???s contents. But before you can work with the contents of a window, you need to make that window the active window.

Make a window the active window

You can have several windows open on your screen at one time, but only one window can be the active window. An active window is one in which you can select objects and choose actions to perform on those objects.

The Macintosh HD window is currently on your Macintosh desktop. (The window appeared when you opened the Macintosh HD icon.) You???re going to open another window now.

1.Click the Trash icon near the lower-right corner of the screen to select it.

Make sure that the icon is highlighted, which means that it???s selected to be the object you???ll act upon next.

2.Point to the File menu title in the menu bar.

3.Press to pull down the File menu.

38 Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop

5.Click anywhere in the Macintosh HD window to make it the active window.

Notice that the solid lines now appear at the top of the Macintosh HD window. (The area containing the window title and the solid lines is called the title bar.) When windows overlap, the active window is the one that???s on top.

Active window

Make a window larger or smaller

Sometimes you want to make a window larger, so you can see more of its contents, or smaller, so it takes up less space on your screen. You can change a window???s size by dragging its size box or by clicking its zoom box.

1.Point to the size box in the lower-right corner of the (active) Macintosh HD window.

Size box

40 Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop

2.Drag the size box in any direction, and then release the trackball button.

While you drag, an outline follows the pointer to indicate the window???s new size. The new size takes effect when you release the trackball button.

3. Click the zoom box near the right end of the title bar.

Zoom box

The window ???zooms??? to a size that shows all the items in the window.

4.Click the zoom box again.

The window zooms back to its previous size (the size that you chose in step 2).

Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop 41

Move the hidden contents of a window into view

As you work with your computer, you???ll encounter windows containing more than you can view on the screen at one time. You can view contents that are out of sight, as described in the following steps.

1.Check that the Macintosh HD window is active, then click the System Folder to select it.

Make sure that the icon is highlighted, which means that it???s selected.

2.Point to the File menu title in the menu bar.

3.Press to pull down the File menu.

4.Drag to the Open command so it becomes highlighted, and then release the trackball button.

When you choose the Open command, the System Folder icon opens into a window (the System Folder window).

You should now have three windows on your Macintosh desktop: the Macintosh HD window, the Trash window, and the System Folder window. (One or more of these windows may be covered by the others.) The System Folder window is the active window because you opened the System Folder most recently.

5.Point to the size box in the lower-right corner of the System Folder window.

42 Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop

6.Drag the size box diagonally (up and to the left) to make the window about half its current size, and then release the trackball button.

Vertical scroll bar

Horizontal scroll bar

The bars across the bottom and along the right side of the System Folder window should now be gray, indicating that the window has contents that are not currently visible. The gray bars are called scroll bars.

7.Press the scroll arrow at the right end of the horizontal scroll bar.

Scroll arrow

The contents of the window scroll past, bringing into view the icons that were out of sight on the right.

8.Press the scroll arrow at the left end of the horizontal scroll bar.

The contents of the window scroll past, bringing back into view the icons that were out of sight on the left.

continues .

Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop 43

9.Drag the scroll box toward the middle of the horizontal scroll bar, and then release the trackball button.

Scroll box

Now you see the icons near the middle of the window.

The vertical scroll bar, scroll box, and scroll arrows work the same way. Try them.

Close a window

When you no longer need to see the contents of a window, you can close it by clicking the close box.

1.In the (active) System Folder window, point to the close box near the left end of the title bar.

Close box

2.Click the close box.

The window closes, and the System Folder icon no longer has a pattern of dots in it.

There are now two windows on the desktop: the Macintosh HD window and the Trash window. (One may be hidden by the other.)

44 Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop

Move a window

You can move a window anywhere on the screen by dragging its title bar. By changing the position and size of windows, you can arrange your Macintosh desktop in whatever way is best for you.

1.Point to the title bar of the (active) Macintosh HD window.

Position the pointer anywhere on the title bar except over the close box or the zoom box.

Title bar

2.Drag in any direction, and then release the trackball button.

When you drag, an outline of the window follows the pointer on the screen. When you release the trackball button, the window moves to the position you???ve chosen.

Notice how the Macintosh HD window, because it is the active window, stays on top of the Trash window if and when the two windows overlap.

3.Close the Macintosh HD window by clicking the close box near the left end of the window???s title bar.

If you can???t see the close box, drag the window until you can.

continues .

Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop 45

The window closes, and the Macintosh HD icon reappears in its previous form.

The Trash window (the remaining window on the Macintosh desktop) becomes the active window.

4.Close the Trash window by choosing Close Window from the File menu.

You choose Close Window by pointing to the File menu title, pressing to pull down the menu, dragging to the Close Window command, and, with the command highlighted, releasing the trackball button.

Of course, you can also close the window by clicking its close box.

What???s on the desktop?

Just as a desk???s large flat surface is its work space, the Macintosh ???desktop??? is the work space on your computer. The desktop metaphor gives you a familiar way of thinking about how to use the Macintosh.

Aside from the field of gray that represents the ???surface??? of your work space, the Macintosh desktop has icons, windows, and menus.

nIcons represent containers.

nWindows let you view what???s inside the containers.

nMenus list actions that you can apply to selected containers or their contents.

Icons represent containers

Icons can contain other icons, or they can contain information.

For example, the startup hard disk icon contains the System Folder icon. The System Folder icon contains the programs (also represented by icons) that in turn contain the information the Macintosh needs to start itself up and work properly.

46 Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop

Different types of icons represent different types of containers.

Hard disks and floppy disks are like filing cabinets. You use disks to store files???your programs and the documents you create with them.

Shared disks are like filing cabinets containing office supplies or information that you share with others in your work group. Your Macintosh needs to be connected to a network before you can use shared disks.

Folders are like folders in a file drawer. You use folders to organize your files.

Programs are files containing instructions to the computer that let you do certain types of work.

Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop 47

Documents are files containing words, pictures, numbers, sounds???whatever you create with your programs.

The Trash is a container for files that you no longer want.

Windows let you see what???s inside containers

Windows let you see what???s inside all these containers.

When you open a disk icon, the window that appears shows you what???s on the disk. When you open the document icon representing a memo, the window that appears shows you

the memo.

Changing the size of a window or viewing its contents does not change the contents. The contents remain the same; only your view changes.

Menus offer you choices

Like the menus in a restaurant, Macintosh menus let you choose. You choose among different actions that the computer can perform on containers (icons), or on their contents (such as words in a memo).

48 Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop

Using the keyboard

You use the keyboard to type text and numbers, just as you would on a typewriter. (For touch typists, your keyboard has raised dots in the middle of the D key and the K key to help position your fingers on the home row.)

Depending on the program you???re using, you can use special keys on the keyboard to give commands to the computer and to modify certain things that you do with the trackball. Macintosh PowerBook computer keyboards have two types of special keys: modifier keys and arrow keys.

Modifier keys

All Macintosh keyboards have four modifier keys: Shift, x (Command), Option, and Control.

Pressed by itself, a modifier key does nothing. You need to press it in combination with another key (or while using the trackball). The modifier key causes the other key or trackball to give a different (???modified???) result.

You type a capital letter, for example, by pressing the Shift key with a letter key. Most programs let you choose commands by pressing the x key with certain letter keys.

Arrow keys

All Macintosh keyboards have four arrow keys: Up Arrow, Down Arrow, Left Arrow, and Right Arrow.

Many programs let you use the arrow keys as well as the trackball to move the pointer on the screen.

ctrl option

Chapter 2: Working on the Desktop 49

Chapter 3

Creating and Changing

a Document

In this chapter

nHow to open a program

nHow to use a program to create a document

nWhy it???s important to save your work, and how to save it

nHow to switch between programs

nHow programs and system software differ from each other

nHow to close a document

nHow to open a document

nHow to change a document

nWhat ???keyboard shortcuts??? are and how to use them

nHow to quit a program

nHow to make a copy of a document

nHow to change the name of a document

nHow to use the Trash

Before you begin

Make sure that your computer is on.

Open a program

Your computer comes with a simple word-processing program called TeachText. You???re going to use this program to create a document.

1.Open the Macintosh HD icon.

(Click the icon to select it, and then choose Open from the File menu.)

The Macintosh HD window appears, showing you the contents of your hard disk. The contents include the TeachText program.

2.Open the TeachText icon.

If you can???t find the TeachText icon, use the scroll bars to bring it into view.

To open the icon, click the icon to select it, and then choose Open from the File menu.

When you open the TeachText program, there is one dramatic change on your desktop:

nA window called ???Untitled??? appears. There are also two subtle changes:

nThe menu bar shows the menu names for the TeachText program.

nThe Application menu icon in the right corner of the menu bar becomes the TeachText icon.

The untitled window is empty because you haven???t put anything in it. In the next few sections, you???re going to write a short document, save it, and give it a name.

52 Chapter 3: Creating and Changing a Document

Create a document

The untitled window is like a blank sheet of paper. In the upper-left corner of the empty document is a blinking vertical line (|). This line is called the insertion point, because it marks the place where the text you type will be inserted.

As you type, use your computer keyboard as you would a typewriter keyboard, except:

nIf you make a mistake, press the Delete key to backspace over it.

nDon???t press the Return key when you get to the end of a line. Keep typing, and words will move to the next line automatically.

Type the following text:

All people are born free and equal. Endowed with reason and conscience, they should act towards each other in a spirit of togetherness.

You will be changing this text later in this chapter.

Save your work

Work that you do in a program exists only in the computer???s memory until you save it onto a disk. Since work that exists only in memory is lost when you shut down the computer, you need to save your work so you can come back to it later. If you don???t save your work, it disappears???like thoughts that are lost unless you write them down.

1. Choose Save from the File menu.

The box that appears (called a dialog box) lets you name the document and save it on your hard disk.

continues .

Chapter 3: Creating and Changing a Document 53

2. Type ???Opening Lines???.

Because the word ???Untitled??? is selected (highlighted) when the dialog box appears, all you have to do to name your document is start typing. Whatever you type replaces the selected text.

3. Click Save.

The window is now titled ???Opening Lines??? and the document has been stored on your hard disk.

Switch programs

You can have several programs open on your Macintosh desktop at one time (how many depends on how much memory your computer has and how much memory the programs use). But only one program at a time can be the active program. The active program is the one that???s ???on top of ??? other open programs???in the same way that the active window is on top of other windows.

The Opening Lines window is now the active window, and TeachText is the active program. But TeachText is not the only program that???s open.

Since you turned on your computer, you???ve been working with the Finder program. The Finder displays the Macintosh desktop. The Finder is always open when your Macintosh is on, so right now it is open but not active.

1.If the Opening Lines window covers most of your screen, make the window smaller by dragging its size box up and to the left, and then release the trackball button.

After you resize the window, you should be able to see your hard disk icon in the upper-right corner of the desktop.

54 Chapter 3: Creating and Changing a Document

2.Make the Finder the active program by clicking the Macintosh HD icon, or clicking anywhere on the desktop outside the Opening Lines window.

The Finder becomes the active program. Notice:

nThe Macintosh HD window appears on top of the Opening Lines window.

nThe menu bar shows the Finder???s menu titles.

nThe Application menu icon at the right end of the menu bar becomes the Finder icon.

You may also notice the Opening Lines icon in the Macintosh HD window, representing the document you just created and saved.

3.Make the Opening Lines window active by clicking anywhere inside it.

(Part of the window may be hidden by the Macintosh HD window.)

When you click, the Opening Lines window comes back to the top. It???s now the active window again, and TeachText is the active program.

You make a window active by clicking any visible part of it. The program that ???owns??? the window becomes active when the window becomes active.

Here is another way to make a program active:

4.Make the Finder the active program by choosing Finder from the Application menu at the right end of the menu bar.

continues .

Chapter 3: Creating and Changing a Document 55

You choose Finder by pointing to the Application menu icon, pressing to pull down the menu, dragging to highlight the name Finder, and then releasing the trackball button.

The Finder becomes the active program, and the Macintosh HD window becomes the active window.

5.Make TeachText the active program by choosing TeachText from the Application menu.

TeachText becomes the active program, and the Opening Lines window becomes the active window.

All open programs are listed in the Application menu. You can use the Application menu to choose which program to make active. The icon in the menu bar is always the icon of the currently active program.

Close a document

When you close a document, you do not close the program that you used to create it. (Closing a program is called quitting.) The program remains open and active until you quit the program or make another program active.

1.If the Opening Lines window is not the active window, click anywhere inside it to make it active.

2.Close the Opening Lines window.

You can either click the close box near the left end of the title bar, or choose Close from the File menu.

The Opening Lines window closes but TeachText is still the active program. Notice:

nThe menu bar still shows the TeachText menu titles.

nThe Application menu icon at the right end of the menu bar is still the TeachText icon.

56 Chapter 3: Creating and Changing a Document

Two types of programs

Programs that you use to do your work on the computer are called application programs, or applications, because they???re ways of applying computer technology to the work that you do.

Word-processing programs, for example, are applications that enable you to write memos, novels, or whatever you need to write. And if your work involves creating illustrations, designing buildings, composing music, or keeping track of large amounts of data, there are application programs for those kinds of work, too.

Because most Macintosh programs work in similar ways,

you can transfer much of what you learn in one application to other applications.

Programs that the computer uses to do its work (in contrast to your work) are called system software, or sometimes the operating system.

Between you and the system software is a program called the Finder, which displays the Macintosh desktop. It???s called the Finder because, like the viewfinder in a camera, it gives you a view of all the objects??? disks, programs, folders, and documents???on your desktop.

You use the Finder to tell the system software what you want it to do for you: which disks you want to use, which documents and programs you want to open, and where you want files to be stored.

Open a document

When you open a document, the program you used to create that document becomes the active program.

1.If you closed the Macintosh HD window, open the Macintosh HD icon now.

(Click the icon to select it, and then choose Open from the File menu.)

The Macintosh HD window appears, showing you the contents of your hard disk. The contents include the TeachText program and the TeachText document you created called Opening Lines.

The next step describes a different way to open an icon.

continues .

Chapter 3: Creating and Changing a Document 57

2. Open the Opening Lines icon by double-clicking it.

To double-click an icon, you click it twice in rapid succession without moving the pointer. (Use the trackball to position the pointer over the icon, and then click one of the trackball buttons twice.) Double-clicking an icon has the same effect as selecting the icon and then choosing the Open command.

When you open Opening Lines, TeachText becomes the active program. Notice that:

nthe Opening Lines window appears

nthe menu bar shows the TeachText menu titles

nthe Application icon at the right end of the menu bar is the TeachText icon

Change a document

The Opening Lines window shows you the text you typed. In this section you???ll make some changes to the text using techniques that work in most Macintosh programs.

Keep two things in mind:

nThe insertion point???the blinking vertical line???marks the place where text will appear.

nA pointer called an I-beam (it looks like this: 9) replaces the arrow pointer (8) when you???re working with text. You control the I-beam pointer with the trackball in the same way that you control the arrow pointer.

1.Locate the insertion point. It should be in the upper- left corner of the document.

2.Locate the I-beam pointer (9). If you don???t see it, roll the trackball slightly. The pointer moves as the trackball moves.

Now you???re ready to change the text.

58 Chapter 3: Creating and Changing a Document

3.Move the I-beam pointer to the immediate left of the word ???people??? (after ???All???).

4.Drag horizontally, selecting the word ???people???, and then release the trackball button.

To drag, hold the trackball button down while you roll the trackball. The selected word is highlighted (surrounded by black).

If you select more or less than you intended to, go back to step 3 and try again.

5.With ???people??? selected, type the words ???human beings???.

The words you type replace the word you selected. (Press the Delete key to backspace over any typing errors.)

6.Move the I-beam pointer between the word ???equal??? and the period (to the immediate left of the period).

7.Click the trackball button once.

Clicking moves the insertion point to the spot where you positioned the I-beam. Whatever you type next is inserted at that point.

8.Press the space bar once, and then type the words ???in dignity and rights???.

continues .

Chapter 3: Creating and Changing a Document 59

Now you???ll rearrange some text.

9.Move the I-beam pointer to the immediate left of the word ???they??? (after ???conscience,???).

10.Drag horizontally, selecting the word ???they???, and then release the trackball button.

11.With ???they??? selected, choose Cut from the Edit menu.

Choosing Cut removes the selected material from the document and stores it in a temporary file called the Clipboard.

12.Move the I-beam pointer to the immediate left of the word ???Endowed???.

13.Click to place the insertion point.

14.Choose Paste from the Edit menu.

When you choose Paste, your computer takes whatever???s in the Clipboard and puts it into the document at the location of the insertion point.

60 Chapter 3: Creating and Changing a Document

15.Press the space bar once, type ???are???, and then press the space bar once again.

16.Move the I-beam pointer between the letters t and h in the word ???they???.

17.Click the trackball button to place the insertion point.

18.Press the Delete key once and then type a capital T.

Save your work so far

The changes you???ve made so far are not part of Opening Lines until you save them. You save them by telling the computer to record them in the Opening Lines document that???s stored on your hard disk.

It???s important to remember that no change is ???official??? until you save it onto a disk. Your work could be lost if power to the computer were interrupted or if a problem caused the computer to stop working properly.

Choose Save from the File menu.

Save regularly, and save often.

Chapter 3: Creating and Changing a Document 61

Taking a shortcut

You can choose some menu commands by using the keyboard instead of the trackball. A keyboard shortcut is a combination of keys that you press at the same time to get the same result as choosing a command from a menu. One of the keys you press is always the x key or another modifier key.

For example, instead of choosing Save from the File menu, you can hold down the x (Command) key on the keyboard while you press the S key. Pressing x-S is a keyboard shortcut equivalent to choosing Save from the File menu.

You can see the available keyboard shortcuts by pressing a menu title and looking at the commands in the menu. The keyboard shortcuts are listed next to the commands.

Make more changes

The changes you???ve made so far are now part of the document that???s stored on your hard disk.

1.Move the I-beam pointer (9) between the letters E and n in the word ???Endowed???.

2.Click once to place the insertion point.

3.Press the Delete key once and then type a lowercase e.

4.Move the I-beam pointer to the immediate right of the comma after the word ???conscience???.

62 Chapter 3: Creating and Changing a Document

5.Press the Delete key once, press the space bar once, and then type ???and???.

6.Move the I-beam pointer to the immediate left of ???each other???.

7.Click the trackball button once.

Clicking moves the insertion point to the place where you positioned the I-beam.

8.Move the I-beam pointer to the immediate right of the ???each other???. Do not drag. Do not click the trackball button yet.

9.Hold down the Shift key on your keyboard and click to select the words ???each other???.

Holding down the Shift key while you click selects the text between the insertion point and wherever you click.

10. With ???each other??? selected, type ???one another???.

continues .

Chapter 3: Creating and Changing a Document 63

11. Select the word ???togetherness??? by double-clicking it.

To select a word by double-clicking it, position the I-beam pointer over the word and then click twice in rapid succession, without moving the pointer.

12.With ???togetherness??? selected, type ???brotherhood???.

You may now have extra spaces or no spaces between words. If so, position the I-beam pointer where you need to delete or add a space, click to place the insertion point, and press the Delete key or the Space bar as necessary.

13. Choose Save from the File menu.

Quit a program

Quitting a program closes the program as well as any open documents that were created using that program. (Simply closing a document leaves the program open and active.)

1.Make sure that the Opening Lines window is active.

2.Quit the TeachText program.

You can either choose Quit from the File menu, or press the x key and the Q key together.

If a message asks whether you want to save any changes, click Save.

The Opening Lines document and the TeachText program are closed, and the Finder becomes the active program.

64 Chapter 3: Creating and Changing a Document

Opening and closing documents and programs

Make a copy of a document

You???ll often want to make a copy of a document so you can preserve the original and modify the copy. To practice making a copy of a document, you???ll use the ???Opening Lines??? document you created.

1.If you closed the Macintosh HD window, open the Macintosh HD icon now.

(Click the icon to select it, and then choose Open from the File menu.)

The Macintosh HD window appears, showing you the contents of your hard disk. The contents include the TeachText program and the TeachText document you created called Opening Lines.

2.Click the Opening Lines icon to select it.

continues .

Chapter 3: Creating and Changing a Document 65

3. Choose Duplicate from the File menu.

A new icon, labeled ???Opening Lines copy???, appears in the hard disk window. Notice that the icon is selected.

Other ways to make a copy of a file are outlined in the summary chapter in the reference section of this book.

Change the name of an icon

You can change the name of any icon, using any characters except a colon (:). If you change an icon???s name and then open it, you???ll see that the name of its window has also changed.

1.Drag the ???Opening Lines copy??? icon away from the original icon so that the two icons do not overlap.

2.Click the name (not the icon) ???Opening Lines copy.??? Do this even if the icon is already selected.

When the name is selected, it is highlighted and a box appears around it. Notice that when you point to the selected name, the arrow pointer becomes an I-beam.

66 Chapter 3: Creating and Changing a Document

3.With the name selected, type ???Article 1???.

Whatever you type replaces the selected text.

4.Press the Return key.

Pressing Return saves the new name.

Now you have two identical documents with different names. You can revise one without changing the other.

Use the Trash

When you no longer need a file or a folder, you can throw it away by dragging its icon to the Trash. Practice using the Trash by throwing away the ???Article 1??? document, which you created when you made a copy of the ???Opening Lines??? document.

1.If you closed the Macintosh HD window, open the Macintosh HD icon now.

(Click the icon to select it, and then choose Open from the File menu.)

The Macintosh HD window appears, showing you the contents of your hard disk. The contents include the TeachText program and two documents, one called Opening Lines and the other called Article 1 (you may have to use the window???s scroll bars to see them).

continues .

Chapter 3: Creating and Changing a Document 67

2.Drag the Article 1 icon to the Trash icon until both icons are highlighted, and then release the trackball button.

If the Macintosh HD window is blocking the Trash icon, move the window by dragging its title bar.

Both icons are highlighted when the tip of the arrow pointer reaches the Trash icon.

When you release the trackball button, the Article 1 icon ???disappears??? into the Trash. When you put an object in the Trash, the Trash icon bulges to indicate that it is no longer empty.

3.Open the Trash icon.

(Click to select the icon, and then choose Open from the File menu, or click the Trash twice in quick succession.)

The Trash window appears. Anything you drag to the Trash stays there until you empty the Trash.

You can retrieve items from the Trash by clicking to select them and then choosing Put Away from the File menu. (Or you can drag the items back to where they were.)

4.Choose Empty Trash from the Special menu.

A message appears asking you to confirm that you want to permanently remove the contents of the Trash.

5.Click OK.

Clicking OK empties the Trash???in other words, its contents are erased from the disk.

Notice that the Trash icon no longer bulges, indicating that it is empty.

6.Close the Trash window by clicking its close box.

68 Chapter 3: Creating and Changing a Document

Chapter 4

Working With Disks

In this chapter

mWhat hard disks and floppy disks are for, and how they differ

mHow to insert and remove a floppy disk

mHow to prepare a disk for use

mHow to copy the contents of a disk

mHow to protect a floppy disk and its contents

mHow to put programs onto your computer

Before you begin

You need a new floppy disk to follow the steps in this chapter. You should be able to get floppy disks from wherever you got your computer.

Make sure that your computer is on.

Insert a floppy disk

Your computer???s floppy disk drive can accommodate 3.5-inch (89-millimeter) floppy disks of two types:

mhigh-density disks, which can hold up to 1.4 megabytes (MB) of information

mdouble-sided disks, which can hold up to 800 kilobytes (K) of information

(The next page explains kilobytes and megabytes.)

Second hole

High-density disk symbol

Follow these steps to insert your new disk into the disk drive.

1.Write ???Practice??? on a blank disk label.

2.Attach the label to your new floppy disk.

The molding of the disk???s plastic case indicates where the label goes. Do not affix the label over the metal shutter.

3.Hold the disk with your thumb on the label and the metal shutter pointing away from you.

4.Push the disk into the floppy disk drive, label side up and metal shutter first.

Insert metal end first.

The next section, ???Initialize a Disk,??? explains what to do about the message that appears on your screen.

70 Chapter 4: Working With Disks

Floppy disks and hard disks

Both floppy disks and hard disks function like filing cabinets: you use them to store information. You can store much more on a hard disk than on a floppy disk, however, and the computer can retrieve information from a hard disk much faster.

Floppy disks and hard disks are represented by different icons.

The disk whose icon is closest to the upper-right corner of your desktop is the startup disk, which contains the information the Macintosh uses to operate.

Your hard disk is sealed into the hard disk drive inside your computer. Floppy disks, in contrast, can be taken in and out of floppy disk drives so you can easily transfer information from one computer to another.

A floppy disk is made of thin, flexible material with a magnetic coating. To protect it and make it easier to handle, the floppy disk itself is enclosed in a rigid plastic case, which gives the floppy disk its ???non-floppy??? character. Floppy disks are sometimes called diskettes.

10,000 pages

Even the smallest hard disks can hold the equivalent of a few thousand pages of information. High-density floppy disks can hold 1.4 megabytes (MB) of information???about 300 typewritten pages. Double-sided floppy disks can hold 800 kilobytes (K) of information???about 200 typewritten pages. (A megabyte is about 1,000 kilobytes.)

Chapter 4: Working With Disks 71

Initialize a disk

Every new disk needs to be prepared for use. Preparing a new disk is called initializing it. In the same way that lines are drawn on a newly paved parking lot to mark off parking spaces, the initializing process creates organized areas on the disk where the computer can store information. Your computer???s hard disk was initialized at the factory, but you need to initialize any new floppy disks you want to use.

1.Read the message on your screen.

The computer requests information from you or warns you about the consequences of an action by presenting a message in the form of a dialog box.

If you inserted a high-density disk, this dialog box appears:

If you inserted a double-sided disk, this dialog box appears:

2.If you inserted a high-density disk, click Initialize. If you inserted a double-sided disk, click Two-Sided.

Another dialog box appears:

This dialog box appears because you can initialize old disks as well as new ones???and the computer doesn???t know whether the disk in the drive is old or new. Initializing erases all information on a disk. In this case, because the floppy disk is new, there is no information on it to erase.

72 Chapter 4: Working With Disks

Copy the contents of a disk

Most programs you???ll use with your Macintosh are supplied on floppy disks. You can use a program more efficiently if you first install it on your hard disk. You install most programs by copying them from the floppy disk to your hard disk.

To practice copying the contents of a floppy disk to your hard disk, use your practice disk (even though there???s nothing on it).

1.Drag the Practice floppy disk icon to the Macintosh HD icon until both icons are highlighted, and then release the trackball button.

Both icons are highlighted when the tip of the arrow pointer reaches the Macintosh HD icon.

When you release the trackball button, the Macintosh copies the contents of the Practice disk onto Macintosh HD (your hard disk). Because there is nothing on the Practice disk, the copying happens very quickly.

Now, find the copy of Practice you just created.

2.Open the Macintosh HD icon.

To open the icon, click the icon to select it and then choose Open from the File menu. (You choose Open by pointing to the File menu title, pressing to pull down the menu, dragging to the Open command, and then releasing the trackball button.)

The Macintosh HD window appears, showing you the contents of the hard disk. The contents should include a new folder called Practice, which the computer created when it copied the contents of the Practice disk to Macintosh HD.

You may have to make the window larger or use the scroll bars to see the Practice folder.

74 Chapter 4: Working With Disks

3.Open the Practice folder icon.

To open the icon, click the icon to select it and then choose Open from the File menu.

The folder holds the contents of the floppy disk you???ve copied. In this case, the folder is empty because there???s nothing on the Practice disk.

4.Close all the windows on the Macintosh desktop.

You close a window (when it???s the active window) by either clicking its close box or choosing Close Window from the File menu.

Taking care of floppy disks

Follow the care instructions that came with your disks, and remember three key points:

nKeep floppy disks away from magnets. Because information is stored on the disk in the form of magnetic signals, a magnetic field can destroy that information. Televisions and monitors, telephones, loudspeakers, and certain kinds of lighting fixtures all contain magnets.

nProtect disks from extremes of temperature and humidity.

nDo not open the disk???s metal shutter. Touching the disk inside the shutter could damage it.

Chapter 4: Working With Disks 75

Take a floppy disk out of its drive

You take a floppy disk out of its drive when you no longer need to get information from or store information on that disk.

1.Click the Practice floppy disk icon to select it.

Click the icon, not its name.

2.Eject the floppy disk by choosing Put Away from the File menu.

You choose Put Away by pointing to the File menu title, pressing to pull down the menu, dragging to the Put Away command, and releasing the trackball button.

Put Away returns the object you???ve selected to its original place. In this case, it ejects the floppy disk from the disk drive so you can put it away.

76 Chapter 4: Working With Disks

Protect the contents of a disk

You can lock a floppy disk so its contents cannot be changed in any way. When a disk is locked, you can look at the files it contains, but you cannot modify the files on it, delete them, or store any new files.

Use your practice disk to practice locking and unlocking a floppy disk.

1.Hold the practice disk with your thumb on the label and the metal shutter pointing away from you, as though you were going to insert the disk into a drive.

2.Find the square hole in the near-left corner of the floppy disk.

A moveable tab on the back side of the disk should be blocking the hole, indicating that the disk is unlocked.

If you???re using a high-density disk, you???ll notice an additional square hole, across the label from the first hole. This second hole has no tab and is always open.

3.Turn the disk over and lock it by sliding the tab so that the square hole is open.

LockedUnlocked

Use your thumbnail or a push pin to move the tab.

4.Unlock the disk by sliding the tab back so that the square hole is blocked.

You are unlocking your practice disk now so you can use it to store files in the next chapter.

Chapter 4: Working With Disks 77

On your own: Install your programs

If you have a floppy disk drive and disks containing programs that you plan to use with your Macintosh, you can install the programs on your hard disk now (or you can wait until later and continue with the next chapter).

The general instructions in this section describe how to copy the contents of a program disk to your hard disk.

Important: Some programs need to be installed in a particular way. If your programs came with specific instructions, follow them instead of the instructions in this section.

1.Lock the program disk.

The program disk contains your master copy of the program. Locking the disk protects its contents but doesn???t keep you from copying the contents onto another disk.

2.Insert the program disk into your floppy disk drive.

3.Drag the program disk icon to the Macintosh HD icon (your hard disk icon) until both icons are highlighted, and then release the trackball button.

Both icons are highlighted when the tip of the arrow pointer reaches the Macintosh HD icon.

When you release the trackball button, messages appear on the screen to let you know that the computer is copying the contents of the program disk onto your hard disk.

When copying is finished, the contents of the program disk appear on your hard disk in a folder that has the same name as the program disk.

4.Eject the program disk by selecting it and choosing Put Away from the File menu.

5.Open the Macintosh HD icon.

The Macintosh HD window shows you the contents of your hard disk. Among its contents is the program folder, which contains the same items as the original disk.

78 Chapter 4: Working With Disks

6.Click the program folder to select it.

7.Choose Open from the File menu.

The folder window appears, showing you the contents of the program folder. The folder has the same contents as the program disk.

8.Look for a System Folder in the program folder.

Some program disks contain a System Folder so they can be used as startup disks. (A startup disk, by definition, is a disk that has a System Folder on it.) If the program disk you???ve copied has a System Folder, you now have two System Folders on your hard disk. For the computer to work properly, you must throw away any extra System Folders.

Throw away extra System Folders

Your startup disk must have only one System Folder on it. Whenever you copy the contents of a program disk to your hard disk, make sure that you have not copied an extra System Folder. If you have, throw the extra System Folder away.

1.Drag the extra System Folder from the program folder to the Trash.

2.Choose Empty Trash from the Special menu.

A message alerts you that you???re about to throw away the contents of the Trash (in this case, the extra System Folder).

3.Click OK to confirm that you want to throw away the contents of the Trash.

4.Close the window by clicking its close box.

Chapter 4: Working With Disks 79

Chapter 5

Learning More

About Your Computer

In this chapter

mHow to open the Battery desk accessory

mHow to open the PowerBook control panel

mHow to use the Balloon Help system

mWhere to look for information about your computer and its software

Before you begin

Make sure that your computer is on.

This short chapter introduces you to the Battery desk accessory and the PowerBook control panel, with which you can monitor and control your computer???s power consumption.

This chapter also tells you where to find answers to other questions you may have about your computer.

Open the Battery desk accessory

The Battery desk accessory tells you approximately how much power is left in the battery as you use the computer.

To open the Battery desk accessory:

m Choose Battery from the Apple (K) menu.

You can leave the Battery desk accessory open to keep track of the battery charge while you work. The desk accessory works like a fuel gauge (the solid bars indicate how much power is left).

For more information on how to use the Battery desk accessory, go to the power management chapter in Part III of this book.

Open the PowerBook control panel

The PowerBook control panel lets you control the balance between power consumption and system performance (it also lets you control other PowerBook features).

To open the PowerBook control panel:

1. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu.

82 Chapter 5: Learning More About Your Computer

2. Open the PowerBook icon.

(Click the icon once to select it, then choose Open from the File menu. Or double-click the icon.)

The PowerBook control panel appears. You drag the Battery Conservation slider to the left to improve performance (but battery power is used up more quickly) or to the right to conserve power (but the computer may work more slowly).

For more information on how to use the PowerBook control panel, go to the power management chapter in Part III of this book.

Use Balloon Help

Balloon Help explains icons, menus, commands, and other objects on the Macintosh screen, using balloons similar to those in comic strips. Each balloon points to the object it explains.

Many Macintosh programs also have Balloon Help.

Turn on Balloon Help

1.Point to the Help icon near the right end of the menu bar.

2.Press to pull down the Help menu.

3.Drag to highlight the Show Balloons command, then release the trackball button.

When Balloon Help is turned on, balloons containing explanatory text appear next to objects that you point to on the screen.

continues .

Chapter 5: Learning More About Your Computer 83

4.To show a balloon describing your startup hard disk, point to the hard disk icon.

A balloon appears next to the icon. Balloons do not affect how you work with your computer. You still select icons, choose commands, and so on.

5.Click your hard disk icon to select it.

You can select the icon even with the balloon showing.

6.Point to the File menu.

A balloon appears next to the menu title.

7.Press to pull down the File menu.

The balloon disappears when you pull down the menu.

8.Slowly drag to highlight the Open command, and then release the trackball button.

Notice that a balloon appears next to a command if you pause briefly as you drag past it.

The hard disk window becomes the active window. To see more balloons, you can point to different parts of the window and to different icons in the window.

Turn off Balloon Help

Balloons can block items on the screen as you work, so you may wish to turn them off when you're finished reading.

m Choose Hide Balloons from the Help menu.

(Point to the Help icon in the menu bar, press to pull down the Help menu, drag to highlight the Hide Balloons command, and then release the trackball button.)

84 Chapter 5: Learning More About Your Computer

Use Part III of this book

Part III of this book, Macintosh Reference, contains all the information you need to use your computer???s hardware and system software. Unlike Parts I and II, which are meant to be read from beginning to end, Part III is meant to be used like an encyclopedia: you turn to it when you need to look up some information, and read only that information.

To help you find the information you need, this book has a table of contents and an index. The back of the book also has a summary of commonly used skills, and a troubleshooting section.

What next?

Congratulations. If you???ve gone through the Macintosh Basics tour and Parts I and II of this book, you???ve seen and practiced all the basic skills you need to use your computer productively.

At this point, you could

mcheck your battery???s charge and recharge it if necessary (see the power management chapter for more information)

mstart learning how to use your application programs

mturn to Part III and find out how to organize your files or how to adapt your computer to your own use

mturn to any other topic in Part III that interests you

mtake a break

Chapter 5: Learning More About Your Computer 85

Chapter 6

Setting Up Your Programs

In this chapter

mInstalling or updating system software

mInstalling your programs

mWorking with several programs at a time

mUsing the Scrapbook

mUsing a RAM disk

Installing or updating system software

System software is the set of programs and other files that your computer uses to start itself up, keep track of your files, and run the application programs you use. When you turn on your computer, it looks for a disk that contains the system software, which is always in a folder called the System Folder. Any disk that contains a System Folder with system software inside it is a startup disk. The startup disk is usually the hard disk that???s inside your computer, though another hard disk or a floppy disk can also be a startup disk.

If your Macintosh cannot find a startup disk, it displays this icon in the middle of the screen:

If you see this icon, you need to install system software on your computer???s internal hard disk or you need to attach it to an external hard disk that contains the system software.

vIf your hard disk already has system software on it and you see this icon: Your hard disk or system software may be damaged, and you may need to reinstall the system software. See the section on testing and repairing disks in the chapter on disks. v

Before you install

You use the Installer program to install, reinstall, or update system software on a startup disk.

Important: Before you install a new version of system software, make a backup copy of your current System Folder on another disk in case you need it later (to use a program that is incompatible with the new system software,

for example).

The Installer lets you update your system software without losing special files (fonts, sounds, and so on) you may have installed.

Before you install, reinstall, or update system software:

mYour hard disk must be initialized, a process that prepares the disk to store information. (All Apple computers have their hard disks initialized at the factory.)

mYou need the system software disks that came with your computer or your system software upgrade kit, or you need access to the system software over a network, or on another hard disk.

Installing system software

If you have access to the system software on a network, open the Installer program and then follow this procedure, beginning with step 4. To install system software from another hard disk or a desktop Macintosh, see the chapter on expanding your computer system.

Make sure the system software you???re using is the correct version for your computer.

1.Shut down your computer.

2.Insert the Install disk into the floppy disk drive.

3.Turn on your computer.

The Installer program opens automatically.

88 Chapter 6: Setting Up Your Programs

4.Click OK.

The Easy Install dialog box appears.

5.Make sure that the hard disk named in the box is the one you want to install system software on.

If it isn???t, click the Switch Disk button until the correct disk name appears.

6.Click Install.

7.Follow the instructions that appear on the screen.

If you are installing from floppy disks, you see messages asking you to insert different disks.

8.When you see a message reporting that the installation was successful, click Quit.

If a message reports that installation was not successful, try installing again. (Follow the instructions on the screen.)

9.Restart your Macintosh.

Make a backup copy of the System Folder on floppy disks (or on another hard disk).

Chapter 6: Setting Up Your Programs 89

Installing customized system software

Custom installation allows you to select a combination of system files for your specific needs. You can also use custom installation to install or update a single file, or to save space on your hard disk by installing only the files you want.

To install from floppy disks, begin with step 1; to install over a network, open the Installer program and begin with step 4.

Make sure the system software you???re using is compatible with your computer.

1.Shut down your Macintosh.

2.Insert the Install disk into the floppy disk drive.

3.Turn on your Macintosh.

The Installer program opens automatically.

4.Click OK.

The Easy Install dialog box appears.

5.Make sure that the hard disk named in the box is the one you want to install system software on.

If it isn???t, click the Switch Disk button until the correct disk name appears.

6.Click the Customize button.

The custom installation dialog box appears. All available components of the system software are listed.

7.Scroll through the list of items and hold down the Shift key as you click the items you want to install.

If you want to conserve space on your hard disk, select the ???minimal software??? option for your Macintosh.

90 Chapter 6: Setting Up Your Programs

Important: Be sure to install the files that your Macintosh uses to communicate with the printer, network, and other equipment it is connected to.

8.Click Install.

9.Follow the instructions that appear on the screen.

If you are installing from floppy disks, you may see messages asking you to insert different disks.

10.When you see a message reporting that the installation was successful, click Quit.

If a message reports that installation was not successful, try installing again. (Follow the instructions on the screen.)

11. Restart your Macintosh.

Make a backup copy of the System Folder on floppy disks (or on another hard disk).

sWarning: Your startup disk must have only one System Folder. Multiple System Folders on a disk can cause malfunctions and data loss. You can use the Find command (in the Finder???s File menu) to see if there is more than one System Folder on your hard disk. Drag any extra System Folders to the Trash. s

Starting up with a floppy disk

If you???re unable to use your hard disk and you have a floppy disk drive, you can start up your computer by inserting the Disk Tools disk into the floppy disk drive and then turning on the computer. This disk contains programs you can use to initialize, test, and repair disks.

Chapter 6: Setting Up Your Programs 91

Installing your programs

Most application programs come on floppy disks, and you install them by simply copying them from the floppy disks to your hard disk. Some programs need to be installed in a particular way. If your program came with specific instructions, follow them.

To use your programs most effectively:

mPut only one copy of each program on your hard disk. Having more than one copy can lead to problems when you???re using the program.

mWhenever you copy the contents of a program disk to your hard disk, be careful not to copy an extra System Folder. Always check to see what you???ve copied, and drag any extra System Folders to the Trash.

mKeep the original program disk in a safe place. If the program on your hard disk malfunctions, you can replace it with a fresh copy from the original disk.

mIf a program malfunctions consistently, and installing a fresh copy does not correct the problem, find out from the software manufacturer whether your version of the program is compatible with the system software you???re using.

mPut frequently used programs (or aliases for those programs) in the Apple menu so you can open the programs more conveniently. See the chapter on adapting your computer to your own use.

mIf you want your computer to open a program automatically each time it starts up, you can put the program (or its alias) into the Startup Items folder. See the chapter on adapting your computer to your own use.

Installing programs without a floppy disk drive

If you have access to a network, you can connect your computer to the network and copy programs from a shared disk. See the chapter on networks.

Remember that the software license agreement for a given program may limit the number of copies you???re allowed to make.

92 Chapter 6: Setting Up Your Programs

Checking for computer viruses

Viruses???programs that damage files or erase disks???can be introduced into your computer from a floppy disk, from a shared disk on a network, or from an electronic bulletin board service.

Programs that detect and eliminate viruses are available from user groups, bulletin boards, and dealers.

You should check for viruses frequently if you exchange disks or data with other users. Some programs check for viruses automatically.

mCheck all disks???even those in new, unopened commercial software packages???for viruses before using them or copying anything from them to your hard disk.

mCheck your hard disk regularly with a virus-detection program and correct any problems the program finds.

mSince new viruses appear regularly, make sure you have the latest version of your virus-detection software.

mTo avoid compatibility problems, be sure to use only one virus-detection program at a time.

mIf your computer is on a network or if you use a modem, check for viruses each time you copy information from an outside source.

mIf you give information to other computer users on disks

or send information electronically, make certain that there are no viruses on your computer system before distributing the information.

Chapter 6: Setting Up Your Programs 93

Working with several programs at a time

You can open as many programs and desk accessories as your computer???s memory allows.

All open programs are listed in the Application menu at the right end of the menu bar. The name of the active program (the one you???re using right now) has a checkmark next to it, and its icon appears in the menu bar.

The Finder icon

Commands to hide or display open windows

Open programs

Checkmark indicates the active program

Finding out what programs are open

If you have several programs and windows open, you can find out which program is active and what other programs are open by pulling down the Application menu.

Switching programs

You can switch to another open program or desk accessory by choosing its name from the Application menu.

If a program???s icon is dimmed in the menu, that means its windows are hidden. Choosing the program from the Application menu displays its windows.

You can also switch to another program by clicking in a window that belongs to an open program, or by double-clicking a program icon (or the icon of a document that was created with the program).

Hiding and showing windows on the desktop

You can hide all windows except those of the active program by choosing the Hide Others command from the Application menu.

The other programs remain open even though the windows are hidden. When you switch to another program, its windows are displayed.

If you want to see all the open windows, choose Show All from the Application menu.

94 Chapter 6: Setting Up Your Programs

Changing the amount of memory a program uses

Each program you open sets aside the amount of memory it needs. (If you don???t have enough memory to open a program, you need to quit one of the programs already open to free up some memory.)

On occasion you may want to increase or decrease the amount of memory a program uses. You increase the amount so you can open more or larger documents in that program, and you decrease the amount so you can open more programs at the same time. You adjust the program???s memory size in its Info window.

1.Quit the program if it???s open, and then click the program???s icon to select it.

2.Choose Get Info from the File menu.

3.Drag across the box containing the number you want to change (either ???Minimum size??? or ???Preferred size???).

???Preferred size??? must always be larger than ???Minimum size.???

4.Type the number of kilobytes (K) of memory that you want the program to use.

If the program frequently runs out of memory, increase both the preferred size and the minimum size.

If you want to be able to open more programs, decrease the minimum size. If you type a size smaller than ???Suggested size,??? the program may work more slowly, show other performance problems, or not work at all.

The amount of memory the program needs to open

The amount of memory the program will use if enough memory is available.

5.Close the Info window.

If you make the memory size smaller than suggested, you???ll see a message asking you to confirm your decision. Click Cancel to avoid problems with the program.

Chapter 6: Setting Up Your Programs 95

Using the Scrapbook

You can use the Scrapbook to store text, graphics, sounds, and other elements that you frequently include in your documents.

Storing items in the Scrapbook:

1.In your document, select the text or other element that you want to store in the Scrapbook.

2.Choose Copy from the Edit menu.

3.Choose Scrapbook from the Apple (K) menu.

The Scrapbook opens. You can use the scroll bar to see the different text, graphic, and other elements it contains.

4.Choose Paste from the Edit menu.

The new element is pasted ahead of the one previously displayed.

Copying items from the Scrapbook:

1.Choose Scrapbook from the Apple (K) menu.

2.Use the scroll bar to display the item you want to use in a document.

3.Choose Copy from the Edit menu.

4.Open the document you want to use the item in.

5.Decide where you want to place the element.

6.Choose Paste from the Edit menu.

Deleting items from the Scrapbook:

1.Choose Scrapbook from the Apple (K) menu.

2.Use the scroll bar to display the item you want to delete.

3.Choose Clear from the Edit menu.

96 Chapter 6: Setting Up Your Programs

Using a RAM disk

A RAM disk is a portion of your computer???s memory that you set aside for use as a temporary storage device. Using a RAM disk conserves power because the computer uses less energy to access RAM than to access a hard disk or a floppy disk.

To use a RAM disk, you should have at least 4 MB of RAM in your computer because memory assigned to a RAM disk is not available for opening programs.

Choosing Sleep or restarting the computer does not affect a RAM disk???but if your computer has a built-in floppy disk drive, choosing Shut Down erases the contents of the RAM disk (but does not remove the RAM disk itself ).

Remember a few precautions if you use a RAM disk:

mBefore using a program on a RAM disk, test the program on your hard disk or a floppy disk to make sure that it works properly with your computer.

mDon???t store your only copy of a file on a RAM disk. Keep a backup copy on your hard disk or a floppy disk.

Creating a RAM disk

1.Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu.

2.Open the Memory control panel.

The RAM disk portion of this control panel is at the bottom of the window. If your computer has less than 3 MB of RAM, this portion does not appear.

3.Click the On button below the words ???RAM disk.???

4.Drag the slider to choose the percentage of available memory you want to use for your RAM disk.

Choose a size just large enough to accommodate the programs and documents you want to put on the RAM disk. Don???t choose a larger size than you need because memory set aside for the RAM disk won???t be available for opening programs.

The size of the RAM disk you select appears in the ???RAM Disk Size??? box.

continues .

Chapter 6: Setting Up Your Programs 97

5.Choose Restart from the Special menu.

A RAM disk icon appears on the desktop when the computer restarts.

6.Drag the items you want to the RAM disk icon.

Erasing a RAM disk

There are two ways to erase the contents of a RAM disk. They do not remove the RAM disk itself or make more memory available for opening programs.

mSelect the RAM disk icon and choose Erase Disk from the Special menu.

mDrag everything on the RAM disk to the Trash and choose Empty Trash from the Special menu.

Resizing or removing a RAM disk

1.Copy any programs or documents that you want to save onto the internal hard disk or a floppy disk.

If you want to resize a RAM disk, you need to remove its contents and then restore them.

2.Drag everything in the RAM disk to the Trash.

3.Choose Empty Trash from the Special menu.

4.Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu.

5.Open the Memory control panel.

6.Drag the slider to choose the percentage of available memory you want to use for your RAM disk.

Drag the slider to 0% if you want to remove the RAM disk.

7.Choose Restart from the Special menu.

If you resized your RAM disk, a new RAM disk icon appears on the desktop when the computer restarts. If you removed your RAM disk, no icon appears.

8.If you resized the RAM disk, copy any items you want back to it.

98 Chapter 6: Setting Up Your Programs

Making a RAM disk the startup disk

If you have 6 MB or more of memory, you can make a RAM disk your startup disk.

1.Create a RAM disk.

2.Locate and open the Installer program on the Install disk.

3.Install a minimal System Folder on the RAM disk.

See the instructions on installing customized system software in this chapter.

4.Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu.

5.Open the Startup Disk control panel.

6.Select the RAM disk as your startup disk.

7.Choose Restart from the Special menu.

The RAM disk is now your startup disk. Be sure to keep a System Folder on your hard disk as well, in case the contents of the RAM disk are erased. Also, keep a copy of the RAM disk contents on another disk. (Don???t keep two System Folders on a single disk.)

Important: If your computer has a built-in floppy disk drive, the contents of the RAM disk are erased when you choose Shut Down, though the RAM disk itself is not removed.

Chapter 6: Setting Up Your Programs 99

Chapter 7

Power Management

In this chapter

mChecking the battery level

mResponding to low-power messages

mRecharging the battery

mRemoving or replacing the battery

mMaximizing battery life

mGetting the most work time out of the battery

Monitoring the battery charge level

Your computer???s main power source is a nickel-cadmium battery. The battery provides power for up to 3 hours of work (the exact time depends on how often you use the hard disk, how bright the screen is, and other factors). Use the Battery desk accessory to monitor the charge level of the battery so you can recharge it when necessary.

Using the Battery desk accessory

To open the Battery desk accessory, choose Battery from the Apple (K) menu.

101

The Battery desk accessory appears.

The line of rectangles is the battery gauge. Black rectangles indicate the charge level. You can see the level decrease while the battery is in use, and increase while the battery is recharging in the computer.

When you click the lever to the right of the battery gauge, a Sleep button appears.

Lever

You may sometimes find it convenient to put the computer to sleep by clicking this button, instead of choosing the Sleep command.

Responding to low-power messages

When the battery charge drops to about 15%, the computer displays a series of low-power messages. The work time remaining after you see the first message will vary depending on how you are using the computer. It???s a good idea to act promptly.

What you should do

When you see a low-power message, do either of the following:

mPlug in the power adapter, or

mSave your work and put the computer to sleep.

What you should know

The first low-power message indicates that it???s time to recharge the battery. Right after this message appears, the screen brightness dims automatically to save power.

If you continue to work without plugging in the power adapter, the computer displays a second low-power message.

102 Chapter 7: Power Management

The second message is followed almost immediately by a third and final message indicating that the computer is about to put itself to sleep. When time is up, the computer goes to sleep automatically to protect the contents of RAM.

If you continue working until the computer goes to sleep automatically, you may not be able to wake it again until you recharge the depleted battery in the computer for 15 minutes.

If you can???t plug in the power adapter, the contents of RAM are retained in sleep for at least 2 days. If you leave the battery in the computer and recharge it within 2 days, you should be able to wake the computer and resume work where you left off.

Important: Recharge a depleted battery as soon as possible. Leaving a depleted battery in the computer for longer than 2 weeks (especially in a hot location, such as the trunk of a car) may damage the battery so that it can???t be recharged. If this happens, you need to replace the battery.

Recharging the battery

There are two ways to recharge:

mPlug in the power adapter to recharge the battery without removing it from the computer, or

mRemove the battery and recharge it in the (optional) recharger.

Recharging with the power adapter

Plug in the power adapter as shown.

Power adapter port

Chapter 7: Power Management 103

sWarning: Use only the power adapter that came with your computer. Adapters for other electronic devices (including other portable computers) may look similar, but they may damage your computer. s

A lightning bolt icon appears in the Battery desk accessory when the power adapter is plugged in and the battery is recharging. The lightning bolt icon disappears when recharging is about 85% complete, though recharging continues. The icon appears even if the power adapter is plugged into the computer only, so make sure the adapter is plugged into both the computer and an electrical outlet.

Lightning bolt icon

You can continue to use the computer while the battery is recharging, but the battery will take longer to recharge if you do. Battery recharging time while the computer is in use depends on how often you use the hard disk, how bright the screen is, whether you are using an external monitor, how deeply the battery is depleted, and other factors.

If you are using several of your computer???s power-consuming features (such as an external monitor and a program that requires frequent hard disk access), and you are not using the features designed to conserve power (such as processor cycling), the battery may not recharge until you put the computer to sleep or shut it down.

If you recharge a fully depleted battery with the computer shut down, it takes about 2???3 hours to bring the battery to 80% of its capacity. It takes several more hours to bring the battery charge to 100%.

While the computer is shut down and the power adapter is plugged in, you can remove a charged battery from the computer and replace it with a battery you want to charge. If you do this, disconnect and then reconnect the power adapter after inserting the second battery (otherwise the second battery will not recharge).

104 Chapter 7: Power Management

Recharging with a recharger

A battery recharger and additional batteries are available as options for your computer. If you purchase a recharger and an extra battery, you can charge one battery while you use the other, so you always have a fully charged battery on hand.

The recharger can accommodate two batteries. The battery slots work independently, so you can put batteries in or take them out at different times.

The recharger must be plugged into an electrical outlet to charge a battery. You can plug it in using the power adapter that came with your computer, or you can purchase an additional (identical) power adapter from your authorized Apple dealer.

sWarning: Do not use any other type of power adapter with the recharger. Doing so may damage the recharger, the power adapter, or both. s

To recharge a battery, follow these steps.

1.Place the recharger on a level surface.

2.Connect the recharger and the power adapter as shown in the illustration.

Chapter 7: Power Management 105

3.Place the battery in the recharger as shown.

Recharging begins immediately. You can remove a battery from the recharger at any time.

Important: To preserve a battery???s charge, don???t leave it in the recharger if the power adapter is not plugged into an electrical outlet.

The lights on the recharger indicate the following:

mNo light: The recharger is not plugged in, or the battery is defective. (If the light goes off during recharging, there is a problem with the battery.)

mYellow: The battery is charging.

mGreen: The battery is charged to at least 80% of its capacity, and can be used.

The table shows approximate recharging times for fully depleted batteries.

Removing or replacing the battery

Don???t attempt to use your computer without a battery (even when the power adapter is plugged in).

To remove or replace the battery, follow these steps.

1.Save your work, and then choose Shut Down from the Special menu.

2.Close the display.

3.Open the battery door by sliding the door in the direction indicated by the arrow.

The door is physically attached to the battery.

106 Chapter 7: Power Management

4.Carefully pull the battery out of its compartment.

5.If you are inserting another battery, slide it into the battery compartment.

Replacement batteries come with a door attached.

6.Close the battery door by pushing it back into place.

7.If you just inserted a new battery, it???s a good idea to plug in the power adapter in case the battery is not fully charged.

Important: Nickel-cadmium batteries contain metals which are hazardous when released to the environment. It is inappropriate, and in some cases unlawful, to throw batteries away with your household or business trash. Instead of throwing away your spent batteries, dispose of them as described here.

In the United States: Return spent batteries to your authorized Apple service provider, who will make sure they are included in Apple's battery recycling program.

Elsewhere: Many locations have government or Apple- sponsored collection and/or recycling programs for spent batteries. Dispose of spent batteries in accordance with the mandatory or voluntary battery collection schemes in your location. Contact your authorized Apple service provider for information about the recommended battery disposal procedures in your area..

sWarning: Damaged nickel-cadmium batteries may leak small amounts of potassium hydroxide. This substance can cause severe burns to the skin and eyes. If you touch a damaged battery, immediately wash your hands and any other affected areas with water for at least five minutes.

Do not use soap. s

Chapter 7: Power Management 107

Maximizing battery life

To maximize battery life, discharge and then recharge the battery completely once every 90 days. Just use the computer as you normally would, but ignore the low-power messages that appear on the screen. (Make sure to save your work, however.) When the computer goes to sleep automatically, recharge the battery completely before using that battery again. You can do this in either of two ways:

mLeave the battery in the computer, plug in the power adapter, and let the battery recharge overnight, or

mRemove the battery from the computer and recharge it in a recharger for 5 hours (if you are recharging just one battery) or 10 hours (if you are recharging two).

Your battery will last longer if you recharge it at or slightly below room temperature.

With proper care you can expect your battery to last for at least a year. If you notice that the battery no longer holds a charge for as long as it should, you may need to replace it.

108 Chapter 7: Power Management

Maximizing work time

Your PowerBook???s battery can provide up to 3 hours of work time before you need to recharge it. The actual work time available depends on what equipment you???re using with your computer and what steps you take to conserve power while you work.

Ways to conserve battery power

The more of these steps you take, the longer you can use your battery before recharging it.

mTurn down the screen brightness whenever possible. At its brightest level, the screen consumes about a third of the power your computer is using.

mAdjust the battery conservation settings in the PowerBook control panel for maximum conservation: set the battery conservation slider at Maximum Conservation; keep processor cycling turned on. The rest of this section describes these settings in detail.

mKeep virtual memory turned off in the Memory control panel.

mIf your computer has 6 MB of memory or more, you can use a RAM disk as your startup disk to minimize hard disk use.

mQuit any program that uses a modem unless you???re using the program for telecommunication. As long as the program is open, your modem is consuming power.

mIf you???re working near an electrical outlet, plug in the power adapter.

mIf you aren???t using the computer, put it to sleep and plug in the power adapter.

Chapter 7: Power Management 109

Adjusting the battery conservation settings

The Battery Conservation section of the PowerBook control panel gives you several ways to regulate your computer???s power consumption.

The easiest approach

Just use the Battery Conservation slider to choose the setting you prefer.

1.Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu, and open the PowerBook control panel.

2.In the Battery Conservation box, drag the slider to the setting you want.

There are four settings along the scale. If you???re trying to meet a deadline, Maximum Performance allows you to work with the fewest interruptions. If you don???t have a power adapter with you, Maximum Conservation gives you the longest work time.

When you change the setting, the new setting takes effect immediately.

3. Close the PowerBook control panel.

You can think of the battery conservation setting as an automatic sleep setting. If you don???t use the computer for several minutes (how many depends on which setting you choose), it goes to sleep without any action on your part. A computer in sleep has a darkened screen and appears to be off, though it is still drawing battery power at a low level.

To put the computer to sleep before the automatic sleep setting takes effect, choose Sleep from the Special menu.

To wake the computer from sleep, press any key (except Caps Lock).

Automatic sleep does not take effect under any of the following circumstances:

mThe AppleTalk software is turned on in the Chooser and the power adapter is plugged in. (Automatic sleep does take effect if the power adapter is not plugged in.)

mYour computer is connected to a shared disk on the network.

mYour computer???s printer or modem port is in use.

110 Chapter 7: Power Management

More about automatic sleep

The Battery Conservation slider controls two different power conservation features: system sleep and hard disk sleep.

mSystem sleep is a state in which your computer uses only the power it needs to maintain the contents of RAM. (The contents of RAM include any open programs and documents, and various control panel settings such as the clock time.)

mHard disk sleep stops your computer???s internal hard disk from spinning when it isn???t being used.

If system sleep is in effect, so is hard disk sleep.

The table indicates how the battery conservation settings correspond to sleep times.

Minutes before sleep if you choose:

PerformanceConservation

Using the battery conservation options

The Battery Conservation section of the PowerBook control panel includes a button labeled Options. Click this button to see more options that affect your computer???s power consumption.

Don???t sleep when plugged in

If the power adapter is plugged in, you can prevent automatic sleep by clicking ???Don???t sleep when plugged in.???

Chapter 7: Power Management 111

Processor cycling

If the computer is not doing anything for a few seconds, it reduces the power consumption of its microprocessor. The microprocessor comes back up to speed instantaneously when you resume work. This feature is called processor cycling.

You don???t need to do anything to use the processor cycling feature. But if you notice that one of your programs performs very slowly, you might want to turn off processor cycling while using that program.

To turn off processor cycling, follow these steps.

1.Choose Control Panels from the Apple menu, and open the PowerBook control panel.

2.Click the Options button.

3.Click ???Don???t allow cycling.???

4. Close the PowerBook control panel.

To turn processor cycling back on, click ???Allow cycling.???

You may notice other effects of processor cycling. For example, if you have open programs doing something in the background, processor cycling may slow those programs down. You may also notice that the Alarm Clock is updated irregularly or that the wristwatch pointer appears more often. These changes do not indicate a problem with your computer.

When you turn processor cycling off, the computer drains the battery faster. The computer may also become very warm to the touch, especially on the side beneath the keyboard. These changes do not indicate a problem with your computer. However, you should keep processor cycling turned on whenever possible.

Important: To conserve battery power, turn processor cycling off only when using programs that it interferes with. Turn processor cycling back on again as soon as possible.

112 Chapter 7: Power Management

Chapter 8

Using Disks

In this chapter

mPreparing a new disk for use

mErasing a disk

mChoosing a startup disk

mProtecting the information on a disk

mIf you can???t save files on a floppy disk

mEjecting a disk

mCaring for disks

mTesting and repairing disks

Preparing a new disk for use

Before you can use a new disk, you need to prepare it so the computer knows where to store information on the disk. This preparation is called initializing (or formatting) the disk.

The hard disk inside your computer is initialized at the factory, but you need to initialize new 3.5-inch (89-millimeter) floppy disks that you want to use in a floppy disk drive.

Initializing a hard disk

Occasionally a hard disk may become damaged in such a way that you have to reinitialize it. (The key symptom of such damage is that the hard disk???s icon does not appear on the desktop when you start up the computer using another disk.) You lose all the information on a damaged disk when you reinitialize it.

If your hard disk???s icon does not appear on the desktop, first try to repair it as described later in this chapter. If you can???t repair the disk, use the Apple HD SC Setup program to reinitialize the disk. The program is on the system software disk called Disk Tools.

113

1.Insert Disk Tools and turn on your computer.

2.Locate the Apple HD SC Setup icon and open it.

The name of the hard disk currently selected is shown as the ???volume name.??? The SCSI ID number of the selected hard disk is displayed above the Drive button. (The ID number of an internal hard disk is 0.)

3. Click Drive until the disk you want to initialize appears.

The hard disk???s

SCSI ID number

The hard disk???s name

You cannot initialize the disk that you used to start up your computer or the disk that contains the Apple HD SC Setup program.

4.Click Initialize.

5.Click Init to initialize the hard disk.

6.If a message appears asking you to name the disk, type a name and then click OK.

7.Click Quit when you see a message reporting that initialization was successful.

If a message reports that initialization failed, try again. If initialization fails a second time, take the disk to your authorized Apple service provider for repair.

114 Chapter 8: Using Disks

Initializing a floppy disk

Initializing a new floppy disk prepares the disk to store information.

1.Insert a new floppy disk into your floppy disk drive.

If you inserted a high-density disk (1.4 MB), this message appears:

If you inserted a double-sided (800K) disk, this message appears:

2.If you inserted a high-density disk, click Initialize. If you inserted a double-sided disk, click Two-Sided.

A message alerts you that you???re about to erase any information that may be on the floppy disk. A new floppy disk has no information on it.

3.Click Erase.

A third message asks you to name the disk.

4.Type a name for the disk.

If you don???t name the disk, the computer gives it the name ???Untitled.???

5.Click OK.

The computer takes about a minute to initialize the disk. When initialization is finished, the icon of the floppy disk appears on the desktop.

Chapter 8: Using Disks 115

Erasing a floppy disk

Erasing a disk actually reinitializes it.

sWarning: When you erase a disk, you lose any information that was on the disk. s

1.Click the icon of the disk you want to erase.

2.Choose Erase Disk from the Special menu.

A message appears.

3.Depending on the type of disk you???re erasing, click Initialize or Two-Sided.

The computer takes about a minute to erase the disk.

Designating a startup disk

If you use more than one hard disk with your computer, you can specify which hard disk you want the computer to use as the startup disk. (A startup disk must have a System Folder on it that contains the correct version of the system software.)

If you don???t specify a startup disk, your computer uses its internal hard disk as the startup disk (if it has a System Folder).

1.Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu.

2.Open the Startup Disk control panel.

3.Click the icon of the disk you want to use as the startup disk.

4. Close the Startup Disk control panel.

116 Chapter 8: Using Disks

Scanning order for startup disks

When you turn on your computer, it looks for a startup disk (a disk containing a System Folder) in the following sequence:

1.internal floppy disk drive (if any)

2.external floppy disk drive (if any)

3.disk (or RAM disk) selected in the Startup Disk control panel

4.internal hard disk

5.external hard disk (if there is more than one, it looks first at the hard disk with the highest SCSI ID number)

6.internal hard disk (the computer returns to this drive and waits another few seconds)

If the computer does not find a startup disk, it displays a blinking question mark in the middle of the screen.

To bypass the internal hard disk in the scanning sequence, press x-Option-Shift-Delete while the computer starts up.

Important: If you use an external hard disk, turn it on and wait a few seconds before you turn on your Macintosh, or the computer may not recognize the disk.

Protecting the information on a disk

The information on a locked floppy disk or in a locked file can be opened or copied but cannot be changed.

Locking a floppy disk

mSlide the tab on the back side of the disk so that the square hole is open.

Use your thumbnail, a push pin, or a similar object to move the tab.

LockedUnlocked

To unlock the disk, slide the tab back so that it covers the square hole.

Chapter 8: Using Disks 117

Locking a file

You use the Get Info command to lock a document or a program. Locking a program may affect its operation.

1.Click the icon of the file you want to lock.

2.Choose Get Info from the File menu.

3.In the Info window, click the Locked box in the lower-left corner.

4. Close the Info window.

To unlock the file, click the Locked box again (so the X disappears).

You can???t lock a folder, but you can lock items in a folder.

Locking an alias does not lock the original file. Locking an alias merely protects it from being thrown away.

118 Chapter 8: Using Disks

Backing up your files

Making backup copies of important files is good protection against possible damage to the originals.

mYou can back up files stored on your hard disk by copying them onto floppy disks.

mYou can back up an entire floppy disk by copying it to another floppy disk, or to a hard disk.

mYou can use a commercial backup program to copy new and changed files from a hard disk to another hard disk, to a tape drive, or to a series of floppy disks.

mIf your computer is on a network, you can back up files by copying them to a shared disk on the network.

If you can???t save files on a floppy disk

If you can???t save files on a floppy disk, the disk may be locked, full, or damaged, or the disk drive may not be working properly. Try the following:

mMake sure the tab on the back of the disk is in the unlocked position (the square hole should be closed).

mIf you see a message reporting that the disk is full, erase unneeded files from that disk, or save on another disk.

mIf you see a message that the disk is not initialized, and you know that it has been initialized, eject the disk and carefully insert it again. If the same message appears, the disk is probably damaged. You may be able to recover its information with Disk First Aid or another disk-recovery program. (See the section on testing and repairing disks in this chapter.)

mCheck the disk for obvious damage to the plastic case or the sliding metal shutter.

mInsert a different disk and try saving again. If you can???t save on the second disk, the disk drive may be damaged. Take the disk drive to your authorized Apple service provider for repair.

Chapter 8: Using Disks 119

Ejecting a disk

You can eject a floppy disk by doing any of the following:

mClick the disk icon to select it and choose Put Away from the File menu.

The disk is ejected and its icon disappears from the desktop.

mDrag the disk icon to the Trash.

The disk is ejected and its icon disappears from the desktop. (Dragging a disk to the Trash does not erase the disk???s contents.)

mClick the disk icon to select it and choose Eject Disk from the Special menu.

The disk is ejected and its dimmed icon remains on the desktop.

You can use the first two methods to remove a hard disk icon from the Macintosh desktop (provided that it???s not your startup disk), or to disconnect from a shared disk on the network.

All three methods also work with CD-ROM discs.

If you can???t eject a floppy disk

If you can???t eject a floppy disk in the usual way, try the following in order:

1.Hold down the x and Shift keys and press the number 1 key on your keyboard to eject a disk in an internal disk drive; press x-Shift-2 to eject a disk in an external disk drive.

2.Turn off the Macintosh. If the disk isn???t ejected, then hold down the trackball button while you turn the computer on again.

3.Locate the small hole near the disk drive???s opening, and carefully insert the end of a large straightened paper clip into it. Push gently until the disk is ejected. Do not use excessive force.

4.If nothing works, take the computer or disk drive to your authorized Apple service provider to have the disk removed.

120 Chapter 8: Using Disks

Caring for disks

For information on floppy disk care, see the section on working with disks in Part II of this book, or consult the instructions that came with your floppy disks.

Hard disk precautions

Hard disk drives are delicate mechanisms and should be handled with care.

mDo not bump, jar, or move your computer while the hard disk is in use. If you need to move the computer, wait until the hard disk stops spinning.

mDo not spill any liquids on or near the hard disk.

mDo not expose the hard disk to hazardous vapors, such as those from cleaning solvents.

Testing and repairing disks

Both floppy disks and hard disks can become damaged by repeated use and handling. If you see a message reporting that a disk is damaged or unreadable, you can use Disk First Aid or Apple HD SC Setup to try to diagnose and correct the problem. Both programs are on the disk called Disk Tools that came with your computer.

If a hard disk icon doesn???t appear

If you can???t start up from a hard disk or don???t see its icon on the desktop, try the following:

mIf the hard disk is internal, shut down your Macintosh, wait at least 10 seconds, and then turn it on again.

mIf the hard disk is your startup disk, start up with a different disk. If the hard disk???s icon appears on your desktop, reinstall system software on the hard disk (use your backup copy or use the Installer program and the original system software).

continues .

Chapter 8: Using Disks 121

mIf the hard disk is external, make sure it is turned on and its cable is connected firmly; then restart the Macintosh.

mCheck the ID numbers of all SCSI equipment connected to your computer. Each device must have a unique ID number (the computer itself has the ID number 7, and the internal hard disk has the number 0). Also check that the chain of devices is terminated properly. (See the chapter on enhancing your computer system for information about setting SCSI ID numbers and checking termination.)

Using Disk First Aid

You can use the Disk First Aid program to test floppy disks and hard disks that may have been damaged. Disk First Aid also repairs some types of disk damage. Disk First Aid is on the system software disk labeled Disk Tools.

1.Insert Disk Tools and start up your computer.

2.Open the Disk First Aid icon.

122 Chapter 8: Using Disks

3.Click the Drive button until the name of the disk you want to test appears. Click the Eject button if you want to insert a different floppy disk.

4.Click Open.

5.Choose Repair Automatically from the Options menu.

6.Click the Start button to begin testing the disk.

7.When testing and repair are finished, choose Quit from the File menu.

If you want to test another disk, choose Close from the File menu, then select and open another disk (repeat steps 3???7).

If Disk First Aid cannot correct the problem:

mTry repairing the disk again. Sometimes repeating the process corrects the problem.

mUse another disk repair or recovery program. Some disk repair programs let you recover information from a damaged disk.

mConsult a specialist for help.

mOnce you have recovered all the information you can, erase (reinitialize) the disk. If initialization doesn???t work, discard the damaged floppy disk, or take the hard disk to your authorized Apple service provider for repair.

Chapter 8: Using Disks 123

Testing a hard disk

You can test a hard disk with the Apple HD SC Setup program, which is on the system software disk labeled Disk Tools.

1.Insert Disk Tools and start up your computer.

2.Open the Apple HD SC Setup icon.

3. Click the Drive button until the disk you want appears.

The hard disk???s

SCSI ID number

The hard disk???s name

4.Click Test.

5.When a message tells you that testing is complete, click Quit.

If the test reveals a problem, you may be able to correct it

by using Disk First Aid or another disk repair program, or you may have to reinitialize the disk. Consult a specialist

for assistance if necessary.

124 Chapter 8: Using Disks

Chapter 9

Organizing Your Files

In this chapter

mStraightening up your files

mUsing folders to organize your files

mFiling documents when you save them

mMaking items easier to find

mFinding an item

mCreating a template or stationery

mGetting information about your files

mAssigning a label to a file

mTips on transferring files

Straightening up your files

You can also have icons arrange themselves in a staggered grid when you choose Clean Up. See the chapter on adapting your computer to your own use.

125

Using folders to organize your files

Macintosh folders, like the paper folders in a file cabinet, can be used to store and organize your work. You can place one folder inside another to create a hierarchy of files.

Hard disk

BudgetsProposals

Creating and naming folders

You can create a new folder whenever the Finder is the active program.

1.Choose New Folder from the File menu.

A new folder appears in the active window (or on the desktop if no window is active). The name is already selected.

Feasibility

studies

2. Type a name for the folder and press Return.

If this doesn???t work, click the folder???s name to select it, and try again.

You move, copy, and remove folders in the same way that you do other icons.

Many programs also let you create and name a new folder in the dialog box that appears when you save a document.

126 Chapter 9: Organizing Your Files

Filing documents when you save them

The first time you save a document (or whenever you choose Save As to create another version of that document), a directory dialog box appears. A directory is the list of files and folders contained in a folder or on a disk.

You use this box to name your document and indicate where to store it. Directory dialog boxes vary slightly from program to program, but all share certain features.

This directory lists the contents of the folder or disk named above it. Double-click a folder to see its contents.

Type a name for your document here.

Use this pop-up menu to see the directory of a higher-level folder or disk.

The disk that contains the directory that???s currently displayed.

Click to see the items on the Macintosh desktop, including other disks.

Click to create a new folder in the directory that???s currently displayed.

Click to save your document in the directory that???s currently displayed.

Chapter 9: Organizing Your Files 127

Making items easier to find

Your Macintosh provides several ways to make a file, folder, or other item easy to find and open. You can

mcreate aliases for the item and put the aliases in convenient locations

minstall the item (or its alias) in the Apple (K) menu

mmove the item (or its alias) to the desktop

Creating an alias

An alias represents and points to a file, folder, disk, or other item (even a shared item on a network). You can make as many aliases for an item as you want.

1.Click to select the item you want to make an alias for.

2.Choose Make Alias from the File menu.

The name of the alias appears in italics and ends with ???alias.???

3.If you wish, type a new name for the alias (the name is already selected), and then move it to a new location.

Uses for aliases

vTrouble? If you open an alias and nothing happens, or if you see a message that the original file isn???t available, then the original has been deleted or the alias is damaged. You can open the alias???s Info window to find out where the original is. v

128 Chapter 9: Organizing Your Files

Locating the original of an alias

An alias???s Info window shows the location of the original.

1.Select the alias whose original you want to find.

2.Choose Get Info from the File menu.

Location of the original???includes folder levels and disk name (if the original is on a different disk)

3.Click the Find Original button.

The window containing the original item opens. The icon is selected. (If the original is on another disk, you???re asked to insert the disk.)

If you deleted the original, or if it is on a shared disk that???s not available, you???ll see a message that the original can???t be found. Aliases are not deleted when the original is deleted (and vice versa).

Installing an item in the Apple menu

You can install any item in the Apple menu, and then open the item by choosing it from the menu.

1.Open the System Folder icon and locate the Apple Menu Items folder.

2.Drag the item you want to install (or its alias) into the Apple Menu Items folder.

The item appears immediately in the Apple menu.

You remove an item from the Apple menu by opening the Apple Menu Items folder and dragging its icon out of the folder.

vTrouble? If the Apple menu does not contain the items it should, make sure that the Apple Menu Items folder is in the System Folder of your startup disk. If it is, open the

folder to check that all the items you want in the menu appear there. v

Moving an item to the desktop

You can make an item easy to find by dragging its icon to the desktop. The icon stays there until you remove the disk on which the item is stored.

If you???ve placed an icon on the desktop, you can put it back in its original location by selecting the item and choosing Put Away from the File menu.

Chapter 9: Organizing Your Files 129

Finding an item

When the Finder is the active program, you can use the Find command in the File menu to find any item on any disk connected to your computer. (The Find command cannot locate items inside the System file. You need to open the System file to see its contents.)

Finding an item by name

1.Choose Find from the File menu.

The dialog box that appears lets you find an item by name.

Type the name (or partial name) you want to find.

Click to start a search.

Click to choose additional search criteria.

If the dialog box you see has more items than shown here, click the Fewer Choices button in the lower-left corner.

2.Type the name (or part of the name) of the item you want to find.

Capitalization does not have to match.

3.Click the Find button.

The first item that matches the name you typed is shown highlighted in a Finder window. If an item is found on the desktop, you see a message. If no item matches, you hear an alert sound.

4.To see the next matching item, choose Find Again from the File menu.

If no more items are found, you hear an alert sound.

130 Chapter 9: Organizing Your Files

Finding an item using other criteria

You can use the Find command to find items by size, label, date, or other characteristics.

1.Choose Find from the File menu.

2.If you see a button labeled More Choices, click the button.

The dialog box that appears lets you select search characteristics using pop-up menus.

The content of the middle pop-up menu and the text area vary according to the item selected in the left pop-up menu.

3.Choose an item from the left pop-up menu.

4.Choose an item from the middle pop-up menu.

5.Adjust the date, choose an item, or type text in the upper-right area of the dialog box.

Click a number to select it; click the up or down arrow to change it.

continues .

Chapter 9: Organizing Your Files 131

6.Choose a search location from the pop-up menu labeled Search.

Location for the search

7.If you want all items displayed at once, click the checkbox labeled ???all at once.???

8.Click the Find button when you???ve finished selecting options.

The first matching item is shown highlighted in a Finder window. To see the next matching item, choose Find Again from the File menu. If the item is found on the desktop, a message appears. If no item is found, you hear an alert sound.

When you display items all at once, they are shown highlighted in an outline view.

132 Chapter 9: Organizing Your Files

Finding items that meet two criteria

You can locate items that meet two sets of criteria, such as all items created before a certain date and larger than a certain size.

1.Choose the first criterion.

2.Click the ???all at once??? box so that an X appears.

3.Click the Find button.

The items found are shown highlighted in an outline view.

4.Choose the Find command again, before you click or take any other action.

You choose Find immediately so that the items located in the first stage of the search remain highlighted.

5.Choose the second criterion.

6.Choose ???the selected items??? in the pop-up menu labeled Search.

7.Click Find to begin the second stage of your search.

The items meeting both criteria are highlighted.

Ways to use the Find command

The Find command can help you locate files quickly, organize documents, and develop an efficient system for backing up and archiving your work.

Chapter 9: Organizing Your Files 133

Creating a template or stationery

Most documents can be saved as or converted into a stationery pad, which is a template form of the document. The template retains its format and content, and you can use it repeatedly as a master for similar documents with different content.

Many programs let you save a document as a stationery pad when you choose Save or Save As. Click the stationery pad option to save your document as a template.

If the program you???re using does not offer a stationery pad option, you can use a document???s Info window to create a stationery pad.

1.Click the document icon to select it.

2.Choose Get Info from the File menu.

3.Click ???Stationery pad??? near the lower-right corner so that an X appears in the checkbox.

134 Chapter 9: Organizing Your Files

4.Close the Info window.

The document icon now appears as a stationery pad icon.

When you open a stationery pad, an untitled window appears showing the contents of the stationery, or a dialog box appears asking you to name the new document.

If you want to change the stationery pad itself you must first turn it back into a regular document. You can do this by opening the stationery pad???s Info window and clicking ???Stationery pad??? to remove the X.

Getting information about your files

When the Finder is the active program, you can obtain information about your files in two places:

min the file???s Info window

min the View menu

Using the Info window

The Get Info command displays information about a selected item.

1.Click to select the item you want information about.

2.Choose Get Info from the File menu.

You can type comments in the Info window and use the Find command to search for them later.

3. Close the window.

Chapter 9: Organizing Your Files 135

Using the View menu

You can use the View menu to display the contents of a window by icon or small icon, or you can list items according to various characteristics such as name, size, or kind. (You can use the Views control panel to change how files are listed and what information is included in the list. See the chapter on adapting your computer to your own use.)

Windows are preset to show icons. You can also display items in a list by choosing a command from the View menu. For example, listing items by the date and time of their most recent modification makes it easy to back up files you have changed recently.

The type of list displayed is underlined.

When the contents of a window are displayed as a list, you can click any column heading (such as Size or Last Modified) to rearrange the list according to that characteristic.

Assigning a label to a file

You can assign a label to a file and then group related files according to the label you have given them.

To assign a label to an icon, click the icon to select it and then choose the label you want from the Label menu. Choose By Label from the View menu to regroup your files. The label is visible only when the contents of a window are displayed as a list.

136 Chapter 9: Organizing Your Files

Tips on transferring files

You can transfer files from your computer???s internal hard disk in the following ways:

mOver a network

You can connect your computer to a network and transfer files over the network. For information, see the networking chapter.

mOver telephone lines

If your computer is connected to a modem or has a modem installed, you can transfer files over telephone lines using an appropriate communications program. For more information, see the chapter on expanding your computer system.

mOn floppy disks

If your computer has a built-in floppy disk drive or is connected to an external floppy disk drive, you can transfer files from your computer???s internal hard disk to a floppy disk. (If your computer does not have a built-in floppy disk drive, see the chapter on expanding your computer system for instructions on connecting a disk drive.)

mOn another hard disk

If your computer is connected to another hard disk, you can transfer files from your computer???s internal hard disk to another hard disk. For instructions on connecting a hard disk, see the chapter on expanding your computer system.

Chapter 9: Organizing Your Files 137

Chapter 10

Adapting Your Computer to Your Own Use

In this chapter

mSpecifying which items you want opened at startup

mInstalling an item in the Apple menu

mInstalling files in the System Folder

mChanging the labels in the Label menu

mSetting the time and date

mSetting a time for the Alarm Clock to go off

mTurning the alarm off

mChanging time and date formats

mChanging number and currency formats

mAdjusting the way the trackball or mouse works

mAdjusting the way the keyboard works

mMaking keyboard shortcuts easier to type

mAdjusting the keyboard for very slow typing

mAdjusting the blinking of a menu item

mAdjusting the blinking of the insertion point

mChanging the way the contents of windows appear

mChanging an icon

mTurning off the Empty Trash warning

mManaging memory

mSetting the beep sound

mInstalling a sound

mRemoving a sound

mRecording sounds

mChanging the background pattern

mMagnifying the screen image

139

Specifying which items you want opened at startup

To have a program or a document open automatically when

you start up your computer, drag its icon or its alias to the Startup Items folder, which is inside the System Folder. Programs or documents that you put in the Startup Items folder are opened when you start up your computer. You can open as many files as your computer???s memory allows.

If you no longer want a file to open automatically when you start up your computer, remove the icon or alias from the Startup Items folder.

Installing an item in the Apple menu

To have an item???s name appear in the Apple (K) menu, drag its icon or its alias to the Apple Menu Items folder, which is inside the System Folder.

You remove an item from the Apple menu by opening the Apple Menu Items folder and dragging the item out of the folder.

Installing files in the System Folder

Certain files need to be installed in the System Folder so your computer can use them as part of the system software. These files include

msystem extensions and control panels

mpreferences for application programs

msoftware that controls printers, scanners, and other equipment

msounds

mfonts

Usually, you install these files by dragging their icons to the System Folder icon (not the System Folder window). Sometimes these files need to be installed by a program that comes with the files. Check the instructions that came with the files for any specific installation procedure.

140 Chapter 10: Adapting Your Computer to Your Own Use

Most special files are stored in folders inside the System Folder. When you drag a file???s icon to the System Folder icon, your computer recognizes which type of file it is and stores the file in the appropriate folder.

This program manages the Macintosh desktop.

If you drag an item to the System Folder window instead of the System Folder icon, the file is not stored in the appropriate folder automatically, and it may not work properly.

Items you want in the Apple Menu Items folder or the Startup Items folder need to be dragged to either folder directly. (This chapter has instructions for installing Apple menu items and specifying the items you want opened at startup.)

Removing files from the System Folder

You remove a file from the System Folder by dragging its icon out of the System Folder.

Depending on the equipment you use, whether or not you???re on a network, and how you use your computer, you can remove the following items from your System Folder if you want to conserve space on your startup disk:

msoftware for printers or other devices you don???t use (for example, the AppleTalk ImageWriter driver)

mnetworking software, if you are not on a network (and don???t plan to be) and don???t use AppleTalk Remote Access

mApple menu items you don???t use (you need the control panels, but you may not need the Calculator or the Puzzle, for example)

mfonts, sounds, or keyboard files you don???t use

Be sure you have backup copies of the files on floppy disks before you remove them from your System Folder.

Chapter 10: Adapting Your Computer to Your Own Use 141

Changing the items in the Label menu

You can change the labels in the Label menu. You make these changes in the Labels control panel.

1.Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Labels control panel.

2.To change a label, drag across it to select it and then type your new label.

Setting the time and date

Your computer has a clock that keeps track of the time and date (a battery keeps it running when the computer is turned off ).

Many programs rely on the clock to automatically enter times and dates in documents you create or print, and the Finder uses it to keep track of when files are created or changed.

1.Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Date & Time control panel.

142 Chapter 10: Adapting Your Computer to Your Own Use

To set the date, click the month, date, or year to select it, then click the up or down arrow (or type the new number).

To set the time, click the hours, minutes, or seconds to select them, then click the up or down arrow (or type the number).

You can also set the time and date using the General Controls panel or the Alarm Clock.

Setting a time for the Alarm Clock to go off

You can set the Alarm Clock to alert you when it???s time for an appointment or a meeting.

1.Choose Alarm Clock from the Apple (K) menu.

2.Click the upward-pointing lever near the upper-right corner to expand the Alarm Clock.

The lever points downward, and the Alarm Clock expands to its full size.

continues .

Chapter 10: Adapting Your Computer to Your Own Use 143

3.Click the alarm clock icon in the lower-right corner to select it.

The alarm clock icon becomes highlighted when you select it. The time that appears in the middle section is the current alarm clock setting.

4.Click the hours, minutes, or seconds in the alarm clock setting to select them.

Up and down arrows appear to the right of the time display.

5.Click the up or down arrows repeatedly until the number you want appears.

6.Repeat steps 4 and 5 as necessary.

7.Click the button to the left of the alarm clock setting to turn the alarm on.

The button and the alarm clock icon change to indicate that the alarm is turned on. (Clicking again turns the alarm off.)

Button in the upper position indicates that the alarm is on.

Icon showing ringing alarm

8.Click the close box to close the Alarm Clock.

The alarm will not go off unless you close the Alarm Clock, click the lever to make the Alarm Clock smaller, or make another window active.

Turning the alarm off

When the system clock reaches the time set for the alarm, the alert sound plays twice and an alarm clock icon blinks over the Apple icon at the left end of the menu bar.

To turn off the alarm, choose Alarm Clock from the Apple (K) menu and click the button to the left of the alarm clock setting.

Changing time and date formats

You can change how times and dates appear based on personal preference or local custom.

144 Chapter 10: Adapting Your Computer to Your Own Use

Changing the date format

1.Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Date & Time control panel.

2.In the Date & Time control panel, click Date Formats.

3.In the dialog box that appears, make the changes you want.

A sample of the format you choose appears at the bottom of the dialog box.

4.Click OK to close the control panel.

Choose standard formats from this pop-up menu.

Type prefix and separators in these boxes.

Use this pop-up menu to set the order of elements in the date.

Type the separator between Use these pop-up menus to set thedate elements here.

order of elements in the date.

Click here to add a zero before a single-digit number.

Chapter 10: Adapting Your Computer to Your Own Use 145

Changing the time format

1.Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Date & Time control panel.

2.In the Date & Time control panel, click Time Formats.

3.Make the changes you want.

A sample of the format you choose appears at the bottom of the dialog box.

4.Click OK to close the control panel.

When you choose the 12-hour clock, you can also choose either 0:00 or 12:00 to represent noon and midnight.

Choose standard formats from this pop-up menu.

Type the text that identifies before and after noon here.

Type the separator between hours, minutes, and seconds here.

146 Chapter 10: Adapting Your Computer to Your Own Use

Changing number and currency formats

You can choose among several formats for displaying numbers and currency.

1.Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Numbers control panel.

2.Make the changes that you want.

3.Close the control panel.

Type the decimal separator here or choose a separator from the pop-up menu.

Type the thousands separator here or choose a separator from the pop-up menu.

Choose standard formats from this pop-up menu.

Type the currency symbol here.

To place the currency symbol before or after the number, click a button.

Chapter 10: Adapting Your Computer to Your Own Use 147

Adjusting the way the trackball or mouse works

You can adjust two aspects of trackball or mouse operation in the Mouse control panel: tracking, which is the relation between trackball or mouse movement and pointer movement on the screen, and double-clicking speed.

1.Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Mouse control panel.

2.Click the tracking speed you want.

The Very Slow option is useful for drawing or for a graphics tablet because the pointer moves at a constant speed relative to trackball or mouse movement.

3.Click the double-clicking speed you want.

Adjust the double-clicking speed if your computer often interprets two clicks as a double click, or a double click as two single clicks.

The space between arrows corresponds to the time between clicks.

Mouse button highlights twice at the interval selected.

4. Close the control panel.

148 Chapter 10: Adapting Your Computer to Your Own Use

Adjusting the way the keyboard works

You can adjust the rate at which a character repeats when its key is held down as well as the delay before the character begins repeating. You can also change the keyboard layout if you have additional keyboard layouts installed.

1.Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Keyboard control panel.

Options for the speed at which a character repeats

Options for delay before a key repeats

Options for keyboard layout (if more than one is installed)

2.To adjust the rate at which a key repeats when it is held down, click the button for the rate you want.

3.To adjust the delay before keys repeat, click the button for the delay you want.

If the keys repeat when you don???t want them to, set a longer delay before a character begins repeating. (If you click the Off button, the keys don???t repeat at all.)

4.To change the keyboard layout, click the name of the keyboard layout you want to use.

You may have a choice of more than one keyboard layout. (Additional keyboard layouts are available from various sources. You install them by dragging them to the System Folder icon.)

5.Close the Keyboard control panel.

Chapter 10: Adapting Your Computer to Your Own Use 149

Making keyboard shortcuts easier to type

With the system software feature called Sticky Keys, you can type keyboard shortcuts (such as x-S for the Save command) without actually pressing the keys simultaneously.

mTo turn Sticky Keys on or off, press the Shift key five times without moving the mouse.

With Sticky Keys on, you can type a keyboard shortcut by first pressing the modifier key (x, Option, Control, or Shift) and then pressing the character key. An icon in the right end of the menu bar (to the right of the Application menu icon) changes to indicate whether Sticky Keys is on and whether a modifier key has been pressed or locked.

You can have Sticky Keys beep when a modifier key is pressed. You set this option in the Easy Access control panel. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open Easy Access.

Adjusting the keyboard for very slow typing

The system software feature called Slow Keys lets you type very slowly and ignores accidental keystrokes by delaying the acceptance of the next keystroke.

mTo turn Slow Keys on or off, hold down the Return key for about four seconds. A beep signals when the feature has been turned on or off.

You can adjust how long you want Slow Keys to delay acceptance of the next keystroke. You can also set Slow Keys to make an audible click each time a keystroke is accepted. You make these adjustments in the Easy Access control panel. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open Easy Access.

150 Chapter 10: Adapting Your Computer to Your Own Use

Adjusting the blinking of a menu item

You can change the number of times a menu item blinks when it???s chosen. You make this adjustment in the General Controls panel.

1.Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the General Controls panel.

2.Click the button for the number of times you want the menu item to blink.

Clicking the Off button prevents a menu item from blinking.

3. Close the control panel.

Adjusting the blinking of the insertion point

You can adjust how quickly the insertion point blinks (the insertion point indicates where any text you type will appear). You make this adjustment in the General Controls panel.

1.Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the General Controls panel.

2.Click the button for the blinking rate you want.

The insertion point in the control panel blinks at the rate you selected.

Chapter 10: Adapting Your Computer to Your Own Use 151

Changing the way the contents of windows appear

You can change the way the contents of Finder windows are displayed, and you can change the items in the View menu. You make these changes in the Views control panel. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Views control panel.

Use the Views control panel to change

Options for clean-up of icons

Options for the size of icons displayed in list views

Pop-up menu of fonts for icon names and list views

Pop-up menu of font sizes for icon names and list views

Option to snap icons to an invisible grid whenever they are moved

Checked items appear in the View menu.

Options for information displayed in list views

mthe font and font size used in all views (press to open the pop-up menu, then drag to choose a font or a size)

mthe arrangement of icons or small icons

mthe size of icons used in list views

mwhat information is included in list views, including folder sizes and the amount of available space on disk

See the summary and shortcuts section near the end of this book for more information about using windows and list views.

152 Chapter 10: Adapting Your Computer to Your Own Use

Changing an icon

You can change an icon by creating or copying a picture you want and then pasting it into an icon???s Info window.

Some icons can???t be changed, including those for control panels and other parts of the system software. Every icon fits inside a small square.

1. Select the picture you want to use for the icon.

2.Copy the picture by choosing Copy from the Edit menu.

3.Switch to the Finder, then click to select an icon you want to change.

4.Choose Get Info from the File menu.

5.Click the icon at the upper-left corner of the Info window to select it.

A box appears around the icon when it???s selected. If no box appears when you click, the icon can???t be changed.

continues .

Chapter 10: Adapting Your Computer to Your Own Use 153

6.Choose Paste from the Edit menu.

The picture you copied replaces the selected icon in the Info window. If the picture is bigger than the icon, it automatically shrinks to fit.

7. Close the Info window.

You can restore the original icon by clicking the picture in the upper-left corner of the Info window and choosing Cut from the Edit menu.

Turning off the Empty Trash warning

When you choose Empty Trash from the Special menu, a message warns you that you will not be able to recover the contents of the Trash once it???s emptied. (The warning helps you avoid throwing away items unintentionally.)

You can turn off this warning in the Trash???s Info box.

1.Click the Trash icon to select it.

2.Choose Get Info from the File menu.

3.Click the checkbox labeled ???Warn before emptying??? to remove the X.

To turn the warning back on, click the checkbox so that an X appears.

You can also override the warning by holding down the Option key when you choose the Empty Trash command.

Until you choose Empty Trash, items in the Trash continue to occupy space on your disk.

154 Chapter 10: Adapting Your Computer to Your Own Use

Managing memory

Occasionally you may need to make adjustments in how your Macintosh uses its random-access memory (RAM) in order to work efficiently with large programs or with several programs at once.

Checking memory use

You can find out how much memory your computer has, how much of it is available, and how much memory is being used by each program you have open. You find this information by making the Finder the active program and choosing About This Macintosh from the Apple menu.

Making the most of your memory

Remember the following tips on memory management:

mClosing a document window does not quit the program. The program remains open and uses memory until you choose Quit from the File menu. (The Application menu, at the right end of the menu bar, shows which programs are open.)

mIf you have opened and quit several programs, your computer???s memory may be fragmented and you may not be able to open a program that requires a lot of memory. To solve this problem, you can restart your computer.

mIf you???re not using network services (such as electronic mail or a shared printer), you can make more memory available by turning off AppleTalk in the Chooser and restarting your computer.

mIf you???re not sharing files over a network, you can make more memory available by turning off file sharing. (See the chapter on networking for more information.)

mRemoving system extensions you don???t need makes memory available (for example, you don???t need the AppleShare extension if your computer will never be on a network and you don't use AppleTalk Remote Access).

continues .

Chapter 10: Adapting Your Computer to Your Own Use 155

mReducing the size of the disk cache makes more memory available. (See the disk cache section in this chapter.)

mReducing the amount of memory a program uses may allow you to open more programs at once (see the chapter on setting up your programs).

Adjusting the disk cache

The disk cache is memory set aside to help programs work more quickly and efficiently. But the memory in the disk cache is not available for opening programs or documents. If you often want to open more programs than memory allows, you can set the disk cache to a smaller size.

You set the size of the disk cache in the Memory control panel.

1.Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Memory control panel.

2.Click the up or down arrows next to the Cache Size box.

Arrows adjust cache in preset amounts.

3. Choose Restart from the Special menu.

156 Chapter 10: Adapting Your Computer to Your Own Use

Using hard disk space as memory

Your computer can use space on a hard disk to increase the memory available for opening programs. The disk space, called virtual memory, is not available for storing files.

Your computer should contain enough built-in memory for your regular needs???that is, for the programs you frequently have open simultaneously. You can use virtual memory when you want to open additional programs or work with extremely large documents.

Virtual memory is most effective when you are using several small programs simultaneously. It slows the computer???s performance if you???re using one very large program.

You adjust the use of virtual memory in the Memory control panel.

1.Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Memory control panel.

2.Click the On button to turn on virtual memory.

3.Press the pop-up menu and drag to choose a hard disk to use for virtual memory.

4.Click the up and down arrows to set the amount of disk space to be used as virtual memory.

Pop-up menu of hard disks in use

Space available on the disk

Macintosh HD

Total memory (includes virtual memory)

The preset amount is equal to the amount of RAM installed in your computer. Choosing a larger amount of virtual memory is likely to slow the computer???s performance, so it is recommended that you accept the preset size.

continues .

Chapter 10: Adapting Your Computer to Your Own Use 157

5. Choose Restart from the Special menu.

After you restart, your computer???s total memory includes the virtual memory you set aside on the hard disk. Choose About This Macintosh from the Apple (K) menu to see memory use information.

Important: When you turn on virtual memory, the system software creates a file named VM Storage in your System Folder (if the startup disk is used for virtual memory) or on the desktop (if another hard disk is used for virtual memory). This file is large???the size of the computer???s RAM and the selected amount of virtual memory combined. For example, if your computer has 4 MB of RAM and you add

2 MB of virtual memory, the VM Storage file will occupy 6 MB of space on your startup disk.

Turning on 32-bit addressing

Your computer can use very large amounts of memory (more than 8 megabytes) by taking advantage of a feature called 32-bit addressing???the use of very long (32-digit) binary numbers to control the way data is manipulated.

You can turn 32-bit addressing on or off in the Memory control panel.

1.Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Memory control panel.

2. Click the appropriate buttons in the control panel.

3. Choose Restart from the Special menu.

158 Chapter 10: Adapting Your Computer to Your Own Use

Setting the beep sound

Many programs have the computer make a sound when your attention is required or when you???re attempting an action that the computer cannot perform at that time.

You can choose the type of beep sound that you want your computer to make. You can also set the sound???s volume.

1.Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu.

2.Open the Sound control panel.

The Sound control panel appears. The beep that your computer is currently using is already selected.

3.Click the beep sound that you want your computer to use.

When you click a sound to select it, it???s played at the current volume setting.

4.Drag the slider up or down to set the volume.

If you set the volume to zero, instead of hearing a beep, you???ll see the menu bar flash.

5.Close the Sound control panel.

Chapter 10: Adapting Your Computer to Your Own Use 159

Installing a sound

Your computer comes with several beep sounds. You can get additional sounds from various sources.

mTo install a sound, you drag its icon to the System Folder icon (not the System Folder window).

The sound is automatically installed in the System file, where it belongs.

Once you add a sound to the System file, it is listed in the Sound control panel.

Removing a sound

You can remove sounds in the Sound control panel. Make sure you have a backup copy of the sounds on floppy disk. (To copy a sound, you can open the System file to see its icon.)

1.Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu.

2.Open the Sound control panel.

3.Click to select the sound you want to remove.

4.Choose Cut from the Edit menu.

If you selected the wrong sound, you can choose Paste to restore the sound.

5.Close the Sound control panel.

You can also remove a sound by opening the System file and dragging the sound???s icon out of the System file and out of the System Folder.

160 Chapter 10: Adapting Your Computer to Your Own Use

Recording sounds

Your computer can use an external microphone, which you can use to record a sound and add it to the Sound control panel.

1.Connect a microphone or another audio source to the sound input port (marked with the icon X) on

your computer .

For more information, see the chapter on expanding your computer system.

2.Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu.

3.Open the Sound control panel.

The Sound control panel appears. The icons of the available sound input devices appear near the bottom of the window.

4.Click the icon of the sound input device you want to use.

5.Click the Add button.

6.Get ready to record, then click the Record button.

Recording begins immediately. You have ten seconds to record your sound.

7.Click Stop to stop recording.

8.To listen to the sound you recorded, click Play.

9.To save the sound you recorded, click Save.

continues .

Chapter 10: Adapting Your Computer to Your Own Use 161

You can choose from a variety of patterns provided, or you can create your own design by editing one of the patterns supplied.

3.To see the patterns available, click either of the small triangles above the sample pattern.

4.Click the sample pattern to see the new pattern on your desktop.

5.To edit a pattern, click in the pattern editing area to the left of the sample pattern.

Each dot in the square changes from white to black (or black to white) when you click it. Your changes are displayed in the sample pattern.

continues .

Chapter 10: Adapting Your Computer to Your Own Use 163

6.When you???ve finished creating your new pattern, click the sample pattern to display it on your desktop.

7.To save the new pattern, double-click the sample pattern.

If you don???t save the pattern, you lose it when you click one of the small triangles to display another pattern.

8.Close the control panel.

Magnifying the screen image

The CloseView control panel lets you magnify the image on your computer screen up to sixteen times. It is supplied as part of your system software.

CloseView is not automatically installed by the Installer program when you install system software.

To install CloseView:

1. Locate the CloseView control panel.

164 Chapter 10: Adapting Your Computer to Your Own Use

2.Drag the CloseView icon to the System Folder icon (not the System Folder window) on your startup disk.

3.Choose Restart from the Special menu.

To turn CloseView on or off, press x-Option-O.

To turn the magnification on or off, press x???Option???X. (When CloseView is on and the magnification is off, a rectangle on the screen indicates which area will be magnified. You can move the rectangle by moving the pointer.)

To increase or decrease magnification, press x???Option???Up Arrow or x???Option???Down Arrow.

You can set additional options in the CloseView control panel. Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the CloseView control panel.

continues .

Chapter 10: Adapting Your Computer to Your Own Use 165

Connecting a modem

Apple offers an optional, low-power, internal fax/data modem for your computer. See the modem manual for information about this modem and how to use it.

You can also connect an external modem to the modem port on the back panel of the computer.

To connect an external modem, follow these steps.

1.Make sure the computer is in sleep or shut down.

2.Connect the modem to a power source and to the phone line.

See the documentation that came with the modem.

3.Make sure the modem is turned off.

4.Connect the modem cable to the modem port (marked with the icon W).

5.Turn on the modem.

6.Wake or restart the computer.

If your computer does not have an internal modem, the external modem is ready to use.

If your computer does have an internal modem, continue with step 7.

7.Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu.

8.Open the PowerBook control panel.

9.Click the External Modem button.

10. Close the control panel.

The external modem is ready to use.

If you have both an internal and an external modem, remember to select the modem you want to use in the PowerBook control panel before opening your telecommunications program.

222 Chapter 13: Expanding Your Computer System

Connecting a printer

The printer port on your computer can accept either a direct cable connection (to a printer such as the StyleWriter) or a network cable connection (to a printer such as the

LaserWriter IINTX). The printer port is marked with this icon: [.

Some printers, including the Personal LaserWriter SC, are connected through the SCSI port (marked with the icon g).

Follow the instructions that came with your printer to connect it to your computer.

sWarning: The StyleWriter printer comes with its own power adapter. This power adapter is not interchangeable with your computer???s power adapter. Connecting the computer???s power adapter to the printer will not damage your equipment, but the printer will not work properly. Connecting the printer???s power adapter to your computer will damage the adapter.

Use each power adapter only with the equipment for which it was intended. (You may want to label the adapters.) s

Connecting a mouse or other ADB device

Your computer has one Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) port, to which you can connect optional low-power input devices (such as a mouse) provided by Apple and other vendors. The ADB port has this icon: ???.

Make sure that any such devices you connect are designed for portable computers. Standard ADB devices designed for desktop Macintosh computers may drain your battery very quickly, in some cases even if the power adapter is plugged in. Low-power devices are marked with this icon: ??.

By connecting devices in a chain, you can attach up to three devices to the ADB port. See the instructions that came with your ADB device(s) for information about their power consumption, and make sure that the total power drawn by all devices you???re connecting does not exceed 200 mA.

Chapter 13: Expanding Your Computer System 223

Using sound input and output devices

Connecting a microphone

Your PowerBook has a sound input port to which you can connect an external microphone. (Sound recording is described in the chapter Adapting Your Computer to Your Own Use.)

1.Open the door covering the back panel of your computer.

2.Plug the microphone into the sound input port on the back panel. The sound input port has the icon X.

Sound input port Microphone

3. Decide where you want to place the microphone.

sWarning: Do not plug a sound output device (such as a pair of headphones) into the sound input port. Doing so may damage your audio equipment. s

Sound output devices

The PowerBook also has a sound output port (marked with the icon -) to which you can connect speakers, an amplifier, headphones, or other audio output devices. The sound output port accepts a standard stereo miniplug, like that used to attach headphones to a portable tape player.

224 Chapter 13: Expanding Your Computer System

Adding memory to your computer

Your PowerBook computer comes with at least 4 MB of RAM. By adding memory upgrade cards you can increase your computer???s memory. You can find out how much memory your computer has by choosing About This Macintosh from the Finder???s Apple menu.

Apple provides memory upgrades through its authorized dealers. Memory upgrades are also available from other vendors; ask your dealer for more information.

Apple recommends that memory upgrades be installed by an authorized Apple dealer.

Your PowerBook computer also supports virtual memory, a feature that makes use of hard disk space to provide additional RAM.

Chapter 13: Expanding Your Computer System 225

Chapter 14

Travel, Storage, and Service

In this chapter

mTraveling with the computer

mStoring the computer

mGetting service and support

mGetting more information about Macintosh computers

Traveling with the PowerBook

The safety instructions in the first part of this book also apply when you are traveling. In addition, note these precautions:

mDo not transport your PowerBook while it is turned on. Choose Sleep or Shut Down from the Special menu, and wait until the hard disk stops spinning, before you move the computer.

mTransport batteries either inside the computer or in the protective case provided with each battery. Do not transport unprotected batteries.

mBring backup copies of your system software and other important files on floppy disks, in case you need to reinstall them.

mDo not check your computer as baggage. Carry it with you.

mDo not allow your computer or any hard disks or floppy disks to pass through X-ray machines. Have security officials manually inspect your computer and disks.

mBe prepared to show security officials that your computer is working. Have a charged battery or a power adapter ready to use.

227

mSome airlines may restrict or prohibit the use of computers in flight. Check ahead to find out what restrictions, if any, apply.

mTake the necessary plug adapters if you???re traveling overseas. (You may need to use them with the power adapter.) You do not need a voltage transformer. The power adapter can handle 90 volts to 260 volts AC (48 to 62 Hz).

Check the diagrams below to determine which plug adapters you???ll need, or ask your travel agent.

Storing the PowerBook

Short-term storage (up to 2 weeks)

1.Save your work on a hard disk or floppy disks.

2.Choose Battery from the Apple (K) menu and note the charge level of the battery.

3.Choose Shut Down from the Special menu.

4.Close the display.

5.If the battery is not fully charged, or if you plan to leave the computer in storage for more than a week, plug in the power adapter.

If the battery is fully charged, you can store the computer without its power adapter plugged in for up to a week.

6.Store the computer in a cool, dry place.

Storage temperatures should remain between 50??F/10??C and 104??F/40??C. Avoid leaving the computer where temperatures may be extreme or unpredictable???in the trunk of a car, for example.

228 Chapter 14: Travel, Storage, and Service

Long-term storage (more than 2 weeks)

1.Save your work on a hard disk or floppy disks.

2.Choose Shut Down from the Special menu.

3.Close the display.

4.Recharge the battery.

Plug in the power adapter or use the recharger.

5.If you recharged the battery in a recharger, put the battery back into the computer.

6.Store the computer in a cool, dry place.

Storage temperatures should remain between 50??F/10??C and 104??F/40??C. Avoid leaving the computer where temperatures may be extreme or unpredictable???in the trunk of a car, for example.

If you leave the battery in storage for more than 6 months, you may not be able to recharge it.

Service and support

If the PowerBook malfunctions or is damaged

If your computer is malfunctioning but does not appear to be physically damaged, shut it down (and leave the power adapter plugged in, if possible) until you can get help.

If you know or suspect that your computer is physically damaged, disconnect the power adapter, remove the battery, and do not use the computer until it can be repaired.

Chapter 14: Travel, Storage, and Service 229

How to get help

To obtain service in the United States, you can contact either your nearest authorized Apple dealer or Apple Computer directly. If you are in North America, call 800-538-9696 to request the name of an authorized dealer near you. If you are anywhere else, check the local telephone directory.

To contact Apple directly, call 800-SOS-APPL (800-767-2775), Monday through Friday, 8 A.M. to 5 P.M. (Pacific time) to speak to a Technical Support Engineer. If your PowerBook requires service, the Technical Suppport Engineer will arrange for your computer to be picked up at your location, sent to Apple???s centralized repair facility for repair, and returned to you at any location you specify in the United States. Apple has established a centralized repair facility to help you get the best performance from your system.

If you need answers to product questions or information about product updates, your authorized Apple dealer can help you. Apple???s technical support organization backs each dealer and international technical support group with an AppleLink network, a state-of-the-art on-line information service, to ensure prompt and reliable assistance. Apple guarantees parts and warranty labor. (Regulations in each country determine the length of warranty. Some restrictions may apply, depending on the country of original purchase.)

If you cannot return to the authorized Apple dealer from whom you purchased your system, go to the nearest service location. For the location nearest you, write or call one of the following:

For locations in other countries, either call the Apple headquarters in your country or write to the United States address on this page.

Apple also offers service plans. One is the AppleCare Service Agreement (available in the United States, Canada, and Australia only), which extends full warranty coverage up to three years. Your AppleCare contract will be honored at any participating authorized Apple dealer within the country of purchase???an added benefit if you relocate.

You can purchase AppleCare at any time, but you may want to purchase it with your system, or at least before your warranty expires, to avoid an inspection at your own expense.

230 Chapter 14: Travel, Storage, and Service

Quick Reference

Summary and Shortcuts

mDouble-click an object on screen by pointing to the object and clicking twice in rapid succession, without moving the trackball or mouse.

Double-clicking is a common shortcut for opening an icon or the selected item in a directory dialog box.

Shift-click

mHold down the Shift key while clicking.

Shift-clicking is a way to select more than one icon or item in a list.

Working with icons

Selecting icons

233

Opening an icon

You open an icon by selecting it and choosing Open from the File menu or using the keyboard shortcut x-O or x???Down Arrow. Or you can double-click the icon.

Moving, copying, and renaming an icon

Working with windows

Making a window the active window

You make a window active by clicking inside it. You can also make a window active by clicking its icon (even though it???s dimmed) and choosing Open from the File menu, or by double-clicking the dimmed icon.

Moving a window and changing its size

234 Quick Reference

Scrolling through the contents of a window

Scroll box (shows relative location in window)

mClick the up, down, left, or right scroll arrow.

mClick the vertical or horizontal scroll bar (when it???s gray).

mDrag the vertical or horizontal scroll box along its scroll bar.

Opening higher-level folder windows

You can open a higher-level folder window (whose contents include the active window) from a pop-up menu in the active window???s title.

1.Hold down the x key as you press the active window???s title.

A pop-up menu of the higher-level folders (and the disk) appears.

2.Drag to choose a higher-level folder (or the disk), and then release the trackball or mouse button.

The folder (or disk) window you chose appears as the active window.

Open pop-up menu with the name of the active window at the top (???Old reports???)

Active window showing the contents of the folder named ???Old reports???

This folder contains the folder ???Old reports.???

If you hold down the Option key as well as the x key, the old window closes when the new window appears.

Quick Reference 235

Using the outline form in list views

Any list view you choose from the View menu (that is, any view except the icon and small icon views) shows the contents of the active window in outline form. You can see the contents of a folder without opening the folder in its own window.

Open folder (with contents indented below)

Open folder inside another folder (with contents indented below)

A downward-pointing triangle indicates that the folder???s contents are displayed; a right-pointing triangle indicates that the folder???s contents are hidden.

Click the triangle next to a folder name to display or hide the folder???s contents in the active window. If you double-click a folder, it opens in its own window, and its outline view closes.

vShortcuts: When a folder is selected in an outline view, pressing x???Right Arrow displays its contents and x???Left Arrow hides its contents. v

Working with menus

Macintosh menus come in two types: pull-down menus and pop-up menus. The menus in the menu bar are pull-down menus.

236 Quick Reference

Pop-up menus often appear in dialog boxes that you use to set options or preferences. You can recognize a pop-up menu by a small solid triangle, pointing down, next to its name. The name shows the current option or preference.

Pop-up menu (closed)

Pressing the triangle displays the menu (but does not allow you to choose a menu item).

Pressing the menu title or the icon displays the menu and selects the title (allowing you to choose a menu item by dragging to it).

Choosing an item from a menu

To choose a command from a menu, point to the menu name, press to ???pull down??? or ???pop up??? the menu, drag to the item you want to choose so that it???s highlighted, and then release the mouse or trackball button.

Choosing an item from a submenu

Some menu items are submenus. A submenu name has a small solid triangle next to it, pointing to the right. The submenu opens when the submenu name is highlighted.

To choose an item in a submenu:

1. Point to the menu name and press to open the menu.

continues .

Quick Reference 237

Troubleshooting

This section describes possible causes and solutions for some common problems you may have with your Macintosh PowerBook or associated equipment provided by Apple.

This section is not comprehensive. Check the appropriate reference section for additional help on specific topics.

Also check the documentation that came with your other equipment and with your programs for more information.

sWarning: If you have a problem with your Apple computer equipment and nothing presented in the manuals that came with the equipment solves the problem, call Apple Computer directly at 800-SOS-APPL (800-767-2775), or take the computer or accessory to your authorized Apple dealer or service provider. Attempting to repair the equipment yourself may void the Limited Warranty. Contact your authorized Apple dealer or service provider for additional information about this or any other warranty question. s

The PowerBook

The computer won???t start.

mThe computer may be on, but the screen brightness or contrast may be turned down. Adjust the brightness and contrast controls to see whether an image appears on the screen.

mThe battery may be drained. Plug in the power adapter, wait 15 minutes, and then try to turn on the computer.

mThere may be a temporary problem with the computer???s power system. Use a paper clip or similar object to press the reset button on the computer???s back panel, and then try to turn the computer on again.

Quick Reference 239

The computer just stopped.

mThe computer may have gone to sleep. Press any key on the keyboard (except Caps Lock) to wake it again.

mThe battery may have drained so far that the computer has put itself to sleep to protect the contents of RAM. Plug in the power adapter, wait 15 minutes, and then turn the computer on again.

mThe computer may have ???crashed??? due to temporary software problems. Click the Restart button on the screen (if you see one), or use a paper clip or similar object to press the reset button on the computer???s back panel. If you use these methods, you will lose any work you have not saved.

The computer is very hot.

mIt is normal for the computer to be warm to the touch while you are using it, especially on the side beneath the keyboard. If the computer seems unusually hot, try the following:

m plug in the power adapter

m turn down the screen brightness

m use the Maximum Conservation setting in the PowerBook control panel

m make sure processor cycling is on in the PowerBook control panel

m put the computer to sleep or shut it down

See Chapter 7 for more information on reducing your computer???s power consumption.

240 Quick Reference

The computer exhibits odd behavior, such as many unexplained system failures.

mA common cause of unexplained problems is multiple System Folders on your computer???s startup disk. The System Folder that the PowerBook is using to operate is marked with an icon. Use the Find command in the Finder???s File menu to locate any other System Folders, and throw them in the Trash.

mYou may have a virus on your hard disk. Obtain a virus- detection program, use it to check all your disks, and eliminate any viruses the program finds.

mYou may be using a program that???s not compatible with your computer???s system software. Check the information that came with the program or contact the manufacturer.

mYou may have added a control panel or system extension that is incompatible with other programs you use. Restart the computer with the Shift key held down until you see the message ???Extensions off.??? If the problem does not recur, remove any such items you recently installed.

Power

The battery is draining too fast.

mTurn down the screen brightness, turn off virtual memory, move the Battery Conservation slider in the PowerBook control panel to Maximum Conservation, or work with the power adapter plugged in.

mYou may be using an input device (such as the mouse intended for desktop Macintosh systems) not designed for PowerBook computers. Make sure to use only low-power input devices.

mYour computer supplies power to the modem whenever a communications program is open. Quit your communications program if you aren???t using it.

mIf you aren???t using network services, you can also save power by turning off AppleTalk in the Chooser.

mYour battery may need to be discharged and recharged completely. See Chapter 7.

mOlder PowerBook batteries do not hold a charge as well as new ones. You may need to replace the battery.

Quick Reference 241

The battery can???t be recharged.

mThere may be a loose connection. Make sure all plugs are securely attached.

mThe battery may be damaged or dead. Obtain a replacement battery from your authorized Apple dealer.

mThe outlet may have no power.

mIf the adapter or recharger is plugged into a power strip, the strip may not be turned on.

mThe recharger may be damaged. Try recharging the battery in the PowerBook.

The computer goes to sleep too often.

mOpen the PowerBook control panel and move the Battery Conservation slider toward Maximum Performance.

The computer doesn???t go to sleep automatically.

mYou may have selected ???Don???t sleep when plugged in??? in the Options section of the PowerBook control panel. Click the box to remove the X.

mYou may be connected to a shared disk on the network. If you are not using the information on the shared disk, disconnect from it.

mThe printer or modem port may be in use. Quit your telecommunications program or turn off background printing in the Chooser (if the documents you???re printing can wait until later).

mOne or more applications may be doing work in the background. You can choose Sleep from the Special menu to override them.

See Chapter 7 for more information about batteries and power consumption.

242 Quick Reference

The screen

The screen looks blurred or out of focus.

mThe viewing angle may not be optimal. Tilt the display on its hinge until the screen looks better.

The screen is too dark.

mWhen you first turn on your computer, it may take several minutes for the screen brightness to ???warm up,??? especially if you???ve chosen a high setting.

mThe screen brightness or contrast may not be optimal for the surrounding lighting. Adjust the brightness or contrast setting.

mThe screen dims automatically when the battery starts to run low. You may need to recharge or replace the battery before you can turn up the brightness.

There are ghost images or black dots on the screen.

mWhen the computer is left on for many hours, temporary defects may appear on the screen. Put the computer to sleep. The longer the computer was left on, the longer it will take for the images to fade, but they will eventually disappear.

The pointer moves too fast/too slowly.

mYou need to adjust the pointer???s tracking speed. Open the Mouse control panel and choose a more comfortable setting.

The pointer won???t move at all.

mA software problem may have caused the computer to ???freeze.??? Restart the computer by using a paper clip or similar object to press the reset button on the computer???s back panel. You will lose any work you have not saved.

The pointer has disappeared.

mProcessor cycling may cause the pointer (expecially the I- beam) to disappear temporarily. Roll the trackball or mouse slowly until you locate the pointer.

Quick Reference 243

A window has disappeared.

mAnother open window on the desktop may have covered the window you???re looking for. Move, resize, close, or hide windows you aren???t using until you see the one you want.

mWindows belonging to open but inactive programs may be hidden. Choose Show All from the Application menu to show hidden windows.

An icon is blinking in the menu bar.

mOne of your programs needs your attention. For example, you may have set the Alarm Clock to go off at a particular time, or PrintMonitor may be alerting you to a printing problem. Make the program active and take the necessary action.

Memory

A ???not enough memory??? message appears when you try to open a program.

mQuit any programs you aren???t using, then try again to open the program you want. If that doesn???t work, restart the computer. Sometimes restarting makes additional memory available.

mIf you are using a RAM disk or a disk cache, reduce its size and then restart the computer.

mUse extra space on your hard disk as virtual memory to increase the amount of memory available for opening programs. (Use virtual memory only when the power adapter is plugged in.)

mIf you consistently want to open more programs than memory allows, you can purchase a memory expansion card from your authorized Apple dealer.

SCSI devices

You can???t turn on the computer after connecting a SCSI device.

mSCSI devices connected to your computer must be turned on before the computer itself. Turn on the SCSI device(s) first, and then turn on the computer.

244 Quick Reference

The computer doesn???t recognize your SCSI devices.

mThe devices may be off. Check to make sure that they are plugged in and turned on.

mIf the device is a disk drive, it may need to be initialized before you can use it. See the instructions that came with the device.

mThe software (driver) needed to communicate with the device may not be installed in your System Folder. See the instructions that came with the device.

mTwo or more devices in the SCSI chain may have the same ID number. Check the ID number of each device to make sure each one has its own number between 1 and 6, and change any numbers that are not unique.

mWhen connecting SCSI equipment, it is important to use the right cables and the correct number and placement of cable terminators. Check the cables and terminators in the SCSI chain and make sure that all cables are firmly attached.

See Chapter 13 for more information about working with SCSI devices.

Disk drives and disks

The computer won???t start up from its hard disk, or the hard disk icon doesn???t appear on the desktop.

mThere may have been a temporary software problem. Shut down the computer, wait at least 10 seconds, and then turn it on again.

mThere may be a problem with the system software on the hard disk. Start up the computer with the Disk Tools disk. If the hard disk???s icon appears, reinstall system software as described in Chapter 6. Disk repair programs can sometimes fix problems of this kind.

mThe information on the disk drive may be damaged. Try using a disk repair program to repair or recover the information. If this doesn???t work, you???ll need to reinitialize the hard disk. See Chapter 8.

mThere may be a mechanical problem with the disk drive. If none of the above suggestions works, take the computer to an authorized Apple service provider.

Quick Reference 245

The hard disk keeps stopping and starting again.

mThe hard disk may be going to sleep to conserve power. Open the PowerBook control panel and move the Battery Conservation slider toward Maximum Performance.

The hard disk is full.

mYou can reclaim space on your hard disk by removing unneeded files; installing a smaller, customized System Folder; turning off virtual memory; or purchasing a disk optimization program to reorganize the information on the hard disk.

The icon of a floppy disk doesn???t appear on the screen.

mThere may be a problem with the disk or disk drive. Try inserting a different disk. If its icon does appear, the original disk is probably damaged. You may be able to repair the disk or recover some of the information on it. See Chapter 8. If the icon of the second disk does not appear either, take the computer or disk drive to an authorized Apple service provider for repair.

A disk you use with your PowerBook computer is not recognized by another Macintosh.

mSome disk drives cannot recognize high-density disks. If the disk is high-density (marked with the icon ??), try inserting an 800K or 400K disk in the disk drive of the other Macintosh. If that works, copy your files to an 800K disk or a 400K disk. If you regularly plan to use floppy disk drives of different types, use the lower-capacity disks in all drives.

mThe disk may be damaged. Try using Disk First Aid or another disk repair program to fix it. If this problem occurs frequently, one of the disk drives may need repair.

You can???t eject a disk from a floppy disk drive.

mThere may be a temporary mechanical problem with the disk drive. Restart the computer and hold down one of the trackball buttons while the computer starts up. If that doesn???t work, carefully insert the end of a straightened paper clip into the small hole near the disk drive???s opening, and push gently until the disk is ejected.

246 Quick Reference

A message says that a disk is not initialized???but you know that it is.

mThe disk may not be seated properly in the disk drive. Eject it and try inserting it again.

mThe disk may be damaged. If you insert another disk in the drive and the message does not appear, you can assume that the original disk needs repair. See Chapter 8 for information about recovering information from a damaged disk. If the second disk is also not recognized, take the computer or disk drive to an authorized Apple service provider.

You can???t delete a file on a floppy disk.

mThe disk may be locked. Unlock it by sliding the tab so that it covers the hole at the corner of the disk.

mThe file may be locked. You can unlock it in its Info window (choose Get Info from the File menu). Or you can hold down the Option key while you choose Empty Trash from the Special menu.

mAn application program may be using the file. You???ll need to quit the program.

You can???t save or copy files onto a floppy disk.

mThe disk may be locked. Unlock it by sliding the tab so that it covers the hole at the corner of the disk.

mThe disk may be full. Delete files you no longer need or use a different disk.

See Chapter 8 for more information about working with disk drives and disks.

Quick Reference 247

Modems

The external modem doesn???t work.

mThe modem may be turned off or improperly connected. Make sure that it is turned on and that all connections are correct.

mThe modem port may not be activated. Open the PowerBook control panel and make sure that External Modem is selected.

The internal modem doesn???t work.

mThe modem port may not be activated. Open the PowerBook control panel and make sure that Internal Modem is selected.

See the modem manual for more information about using and solving problems with your modem.

Printers

Your computer can???t find the printer.

mThe printer may be turned off. Turn it on.

mIf it???s a network printer, there may be a problem with the network. Check with your network administrator.

mThe printer may not be selected in the Chooser. Open the Chooser and select the printer you want to use.

Your printer does not appear in the Chooser window.

mThe printer may not be connected properly. Check the connections between your computer and the printer, including relevant sections of the network if appropriate.

mThe printer software may not be in your System Folder. Close the Chooser and install the software you need.

mAppleTalk must be active before you can use a network printer. Make sure that AppleTalk is active in the Chooser.

mIf your network has zones, the printer you want may not be in the currently selected zone. Make sure the correct zone is selected.

mThere may be a problem with the network. Check with your network administrator.

248 Quick Reference

The network printer keeps restarting.

mSomeone on the network may be using a different version of the printer software. Everyone connected to a network should use the same printer software version. Consult the network administrator for more information.

Nothing happens, or you see an error message, when you try to print.

mThe printer may not be turned on. Make sure it is turned on and warmed up.

mThe printer may be out of paper or have some other problem. Check the printer status lights and any messages on your screen.

mIf an error message states that the printer could not print your document, turn the printer off for at least 10 seconds. Then turn it on again, wait for it to warm up, and try to print again.

Your documents are printed with the wrong fonts.

mThe printer may not have your fonts in its memory and is substituting other fonts. You may be able to add the necessary fonts to your printer (see Chapter 11), or print on a different printer that has the fonts you want. If you have a LaserWriter, you can turn off Font Substitution in the Page Setup dialog box.

See Chapter 11 for general information about printing documents. See the printer manual for more information about your printer???s features or problems with the printed output.

Quick Reference 249

Networks

You can???t find or can???t open icons needed to set up file sharing.

mOne or more icons may be in the wrong place. Make sure that the Sharing Setup icon is in the Control Panels folder, and that the File Sharing Extension file, the Network Extension file, and the AppleShare file are in the Extensions folder. (Both folders are inside the System Folder.)

mSome network software may not be installed correctly. Use the Installer to install the appropriate network software.

The shared disk you want to connect to does not appear in the Chooser window.

mAppleTalk must be active before you can use a shared disk. Make sure that AppleTalk is active in the Chooser.

mIf your network has zones, the shared disk you want may not be in the currently selected zone. Make sure the correct zone is selected.

mThe computer that the disk is on must be turned on before the disk can be shared. Make sure that computer is on.

mThe shared disk may be temporarily unavailable. Wait a few moments to see if its name appears in the Chooser.

mThere may be a problem with the network. Check with your network administrator.

250 Quick Reference

You can???t open a shared disk or folder.

mYou may not have the access privileges needed to use the disk or folder. Ask the network administrator or the owner of the shared item to grant you access.

mYou may have entered your name or password incorrectly when you tried to open the shared disk or folder. Check with the owner of the item to make sure you are entering your name and password correctly, and try again.

You can???t connect to your own computer from another Macintosh.

mMake sure that your computer is turned on and connected to the network. Make sure that file sharing is turned on, you have the correct access privileges, and you entered your name and password correctly.

See Chapter 12 for more information about using your computer on a network.

Application programs

A program won???t open.

mSome programs can???t be opened from a locked floppy disk. Make sure the disk is unlocked.

mThe program may be damaged. Recopy it from a known good source (such as the original program disk).

mThere may not be enough memory available to open the program. Quit other programs or change the program???s memory size in its Info window.

A program runs very slowly.

mSome programs are slowed by processor cycling. You can turn processor cycling off; see Chapter 7. Turning processor cycling off will drain your battery faster and cause the computer to become hotter.

Quick Reference 251

A program doesn???t work, or malfunctions consistently.

mYou may have more than one copy of the program on your hard disk. Remove extra copies by dragging them to the Trash.

mThe program may be damaged. Recopy it from a known good source (such as the original program disk).

mYour version of the program may be incompatible with your system software. Consult the software manufacturer to find out which version of the program you should be using.

mThe program may be using less memory than it needs to work with your documents. Choose Get Info from the File menu and increase the memory size.

A message says that a program could not be found.

mYou may be trying to open a document created with a program you don???t have on your computer, or created with a different version of the program. Obtain the correct program and version. Or open the document with another program that can read its format. (If another program can open a document, the program icon becomes highlighted when you drag the document icon to it.)

You just did something you didn???t mean to do.

mIf you have not yet taken any other action, you can usually undo your most recent action (even if you aren???t sure what it was). Most programs have an Undo command in the Edit menu (x-Z). Choose Undo to go back one step in your work. You cannot undo more than one action.

See the documentation that came with your programs for more information about their operation and features.

252 Quick Reference

Using Caps Lock

The Caps Lock key on PowerBook computers does not stay depressed even when it???s locked. You can tell whether Caps Lock is on or off by looking at the menu bar. An arrow appears to the left of the Help menu icon when Caps Lock is on.

To turn Caps Lock on or off, press the Caps Lock key.

Typing special characters and symbols

You can type a variety of special characters (with diacritical marks) and symbols by pressing modifier keys in combination with certain letter and number keys.

The Key Caps program, which is installed with the system software, shows you the characters produced when you type certain keys and key combinations in the fonts available on your computer. Choose Key Caps from the Apple (K) menu, then choose the font from the Key Caps menu.

Characters appear here when you press keys on the keyboard or click them in the window.

Characters available in the Chicago font

254 Appendix A: Keyboard and Character Sets

Appendix B

Exchanging Disks and Files

With MS-DOS Computers

Apple File Exchange is a file format conversion program supplied on your system software disks. The program and translator files are stored in the Apple File Exchange Folder.

You can use the program to initialize a disk in MS-DOS (or Apple II ProDOS) format and convert files to and from MS-DOS (or ProDOS). Apple File Exchange cannot open converted files; you need to open them with an application program that recognizes the converted files.

Initializing a disk in MS-DOS format

(You can also follow these instructions to initialize a disk in ProDOS format.)

1.Locate the Apple File Exchange icon and open it.

Apple File Exchange is supplied on one of your system software disks.

When you open the program, the contents of the active window are listed on the left side and an empty box appears on the right side.

2.Insert a blank disk into your floppy disk drive.

A message reports that the program can???t read the disk and asks if you want to initialize it. The message lists the formats available in Apple File Exchange, including Macintosh, MS-DOS, and ProDOS.

(You can initialize a disk that is not blank by inserting it, clicking the Drive button until the disk???s name appears, and then choosing Erase Disk from the File menu.)

257

3.Click MS-DOS.

4.If necessary, click the capacity (in K) of the disk you inserted.

If you want to initialize a high-density (??) disk in MS-DOS format, 1440K is the only option and it is already selected. If you inserted a double-sided disk, click 720K.

Apple File Exchange cannot initialize a high-density disk in 720K format, nor can it read a double-sided disk that has been initialized in the high-density (1.4 MB) format.

Disk capacity is the same for Macintosh and MS-DOS high-density disks.

5.Click Initialize.

When initialization is finished, a message asks you to name the disk.

6.Type a name for the disk, and then click OK.

MS-DOS filenames can have up to eight characters, followed by an optional period and up to three characters.

The name of the disk you initialized appears above an empty window. The disk???s icon doesn???t appear on your Macintosh screen because the Macintosh can???t recognize a disk in MS-DOS format.

7.Choose Quit from the File menu.

258 Appendix B: Exchanging Disks and Files With MS-DOS Computers

Converting files to and from

MS-DOS format

Apple File Exchange provides two methods of file conversion??? text and binary. Text translation is for text files, and binary translation is for other file types.

Apple File Exchange can also use translator files designed to convert files into formats that specific programs can use. One such translator file is provided with Apple File Exchange: DCA-RFT/MacWrite, which converts documents between MacWrite format (for the Macintosh) and Document Content Architecture/ Revisable Form Text format (used by many MS-DOS word- processing programs).

File selected

for translation

Menus of translator files

Directory title or disk name

Disk name

Follow these steps to translate an MS-DOS (or ProDOS) file:

1.Locate the Apple File Exchange program and open it.

Apple File Exchange is supplied on one of your system software disks.

When you open the program, the contents of the active window are listed on the left side and an empty box appears on the right side.

2.Insert the floppy disk containing the files you want to translate.

3.Use the Open, Drive, and Eject buttons to display the files you want to translate and the disk or folder where you want to store the translated files.

4.Click the names of the files or folders you want to translate.

The appropriate translation menus (for translating from or to Macintosh format) appear in the menu bar when you select MS-DOS files.

Appendix B: Exchanging Disks and Files With MS-DOS Computers 259

5.Pull down the translation menu you want.

6.Make sure that the translators for the types of files you selected have checkmarks; if not, choose them so checkmarks appear next to them.

An active translator has a checkmark. The default translator has a diamond (indicating that it???s always active). Choosing an active translator makes it inactive.

7.Compare the size of the files or folders selected for translation with the space available on the destination disk.

Total space required appears between the lists; the space available on the destination disk appears below its name.

If the size of the selected items is greater than the space available on the destination disk, deselect some of the items, remove some files on the destination disk (click Remove), or use another destination disk (click Eject).

8.Click Translate.

If two or more active translators (other than Text or Default) are capable of translating a selected file, a message asks you to select the translator you want.

If the names of files or folders on the destination disk are the same as those of files or folders being translated, a message asks you to rename the file being translated.

If you need to select options before a file is translated, a dialog box appears in which you can select the options.

9.Respond to any messages by selecting a translator, renaming a file, or selecting options.

When Macintosh files are translated into MS-DOS files, filenames may be shortened to conform to MS-DOS naming conventions.

10.Choose Quit from the File menu.

v Converting MS-DOS files on a file server: Some file servers can store information created by both Macintosh and MS-DOS computers. For example, the AppleShare PC program allows MS-DOS computers to store and translate files on an AppleShare file server. Consult your authorized Apple dealer or representative for more information about using a file server and MS-DOS files. v

260 Appendix B: Exchanging Disks and Files With MS-DOS Computers

Other file-conversion options

Apple File Exchange???s File menu provides several other options to assist you with file conversions.

To see explanations of the translators Apple File Exchange uses, choose About Apple File Exchange from the Apple menu. Select a translator from the list, and then click the About button for more information. (Click Done to return to the program???s window.)

The active translators and options for each translator can be saved in a file by choosing ???Save settings as.??? You can use these options again later by choosing ???Restore settings from??? and opening the file.

Choose to rename destination (translated) files.

The program keeps a log of all files translated, showing the date, time, and type of conversion.

Names of files that can???t be converted by the active translators are dimmed when this item is checked.

Choose to reinitialize a disk in any available format.

Appendix B: Exchanging Disks and Files With MS-DOS Computers 261

Appendix C

Map

The Map control panel lets you set your computer???s location and find out the distance and the time difference between your location and cities around the world. If you travel with your computer and use Map to reset your location accordingly, the time (in the Date & Time control panel) is automatically reset to the local time.

Certain programs (in networking and telecommunications, for example) can use your computer???s location to account for time zones and distances when making calculations.

Setting your location

1.Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu and open the Map control panel.

To magnify the map in the control panel (showing less of the world at a larger scale), hold down the Option key while you open Map.

263

2.Type the city nearest your current location and then click the Find button (or press the Return key).

If you aren???t sure how the city is spelled, type the first few letters and press the Return key. If the city isn???t found, you can add it to the list of cities stored in Map (instructions are given elsewhere in this appendix).

3.Click the Set button.

Your current location is indicated by a blinking cross.

Comparing locations

After you set your computer???s location, you can use Map to find out:

mthe distance from your location to another location

mthe time at another location

mthe time difference between your location and another location

Open the Map control panel and find or add the other location (instructions are given elsewhere in this appendix). You can also choose a location by clicking anywhere on the map (the unnamed location???s coordinates appear in the boxes for latitude and longitude).

264 Appendix C: Map

The distance to and the time at the other location are shown at the bottom of the window. The distance is based on the shortest possible route (called the great circle).

To find out the time difference between your location and the other location, click the words ???Time Zone.??? Click again to see the other location???s time zone.

Finding a location

The Map has a list of locations, with information on the latitude, longitude, and time zone of each location.

1.Choose Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu.

2.Open the Map control panel.

To magnify the map in the control panel (showing less of the world at a larger scale), hold down the Option key while you open the Map control panel.

3.Type the city you are looking for and then click the Find button (or press the Return key).

If you aren???t sure how the city is spelled, type the first few letters and press the Return key.

If you don???t know the name of a city but know where it is, you can find it by clicking its location on the map. Each blinking point is a location in the list. If you click in the map and then drag to a blinking point, that location???s name, latitude, longitude, and time zone appear.

(If you hold down the Option key while clicking the Find button, Map displays, one at a time, all the locations in its list.)

Appendix C: Map 265

Adding or removing a location

Adding a location

1.If the map does not show the location you want to add, scroll by dragging beyond the map in the direction of the location.

2.Click the location.

A blinking star appears at the location, and its coordinates and approximate time zone are displayed.

3.Type the name of the new location.

4.If you know the coordinates, type them in the latitude and longitude boxes.

When the N and E boxes are checked, the boxes next to them display North latitude and East longitude, respectively. Otherwise, they display South latitude and West longitude.

5.If the time zone is not correct, click the Time Zone boxes and type in the correct number.

When the box at the end of the Time Zone line is checked, the boxes show how much time the location is ahead (east) of Greenwich Mean Time. Otherwise, they display how much time the location is behind (west of ) Greenwich Mean Time.

The map estimates the time difference based solely on longitude. Since the boundaries and time of time zones are determined politically, you may need to consult a time zone chart, map, atlas, or globe for the correct time.

6.Click the Add City button.

The new location is added to the list. If your computer beeps, the location is already part of the list.

To change details about a location, you need to remove it and then add it again.

Changing or removing a location

1.Find a location.

2.Click the Remove City button.

If you want to keep the location but change the coordinates or time zone, type the new coordinates or time zone, then click the Add City button.

266 Appendix C: Map

Index

About This MacintoshCommand 155, 158, 225

accent marks, typing 254???255

setting 208???209

strategies for using 209???210 turning off 203???204

types of 207???208 active programs 54???56, 58

identifying 94 active windows 38???40

printing contents of 173

ADB. See Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) air travel tips 227???228

Alarm Clock 143???144

setting date and time with 143

aliases

connecting to shared disks with 190 creating 128

locating original of 129 locking 118

searching for 133 troubleshooting 128???129 uses for 128

amplifiers 224

APDA (Apple Programmers and Developers Association) 232

AppleCare Service Agreement 230 Apple Communications Library 231 Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) 9, 223 Apple Developer Programs 232 Apple File Exchange 257???261

converting files with 259???261 initializing disks with 257???258

Apple HDI-30 SCSI System Cable 218, 220, 221

Apple HD SC Setup program 113???114, 121, 124

Apple menu. See also control panels; desk accessories

adding items to 92, 129, 140 aliases and 128

pulling down 34

removing items from 129, 140 troubleshooting 129

Apple Menu Items folder 140 AppleShare extension 155 AppleShare icon 187???188 AppleShare PC program 260 AppleTalk

and choosing printers 168, 169 installing 186

memory management and 155 sleep and 186

turning on/off 185???186 AppleTalk Remote Access 155 AppleTalk zones 169

Apple Technical Library 231

Apple II ProDOS file format 257, 259

Index 269

Application menu 52

hiding and showing windows 94 making open program active 55???56 programs listed in 94

switching programs 94

application programs 57. See also programs installing 92

locating 133 making active 55???56 switching 94

troubleshooting 92, 251???252 arrow keys 49, 238, 253

arrow pointer 7, 8, 32, 243.